Hiding Data in Electrocardiogram Based on IWT Domain via Simple Coefficient Adjustment
Keywords:
Data Hiding, ECG Watermarking, ECG Steganography, IWTAbstract
The authors present a data hiding method for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal based on integer wavelet transform (IWT). By using a simple coefficient adjusting technique, data bits can be rapidly embedded in an ECG host signal, and be successfully extracted at the receiver site. Simulations confirmed that the perceived quality introduced by the proposed method is good, while hiding storage is greater than existing techniques. In addition, the method has a certain degree of robustness. Since the proposed method provides the advantage of low time complexity, it is feasible for use in real-time applications.
References
I. J. Cox, M. L. Miller, J.A. Bloom, J. Fridrich, and T. Kalker, Digital Watermarking and Steganography, 2nd Ed., Morgan Kaufmann., MA, 2008.
E. Eielinska, W. Mazurczyk, and K. Szczypiorski, “Trends in steganography,†Comm. of the ACM, vol. 57, pp. 86-95, 2014.
S. Wang, R. Miyauchi, M. Unoki, and N.S. Kim, “Tampering detection scheme for speech signals using formant enhancement based watermarking,†J. of Inform. Hiding and Multim. Signal Process., vol. 6, pp. 1264-1283, 2015.
A. Ibaida, I. Khalil, and R.V. Schynde, “A low complexity high capacity ECG signal watermark for wearable sensor-net health monitoring system,†Comput. in Cardiology, vol. 38, pp.393−396, 2011.
X. He, K.K. Tseng, H.N. Huang, S.T. Chen, S.Y. Tu, F.F. Zeng, and J.S. Pan, “Wavelet-based quantization watermarking for ECG signals,†Int. Conf. on Comp., Meas., Cont. and Sens. Net., pp. 233-236, 2012.
A. Ibaida and I. Khalil, “Wavelet-based ECG steganography for protecting patient confidential information in point-of-care systems,†IEEE T. Biomedical Eng., vol. 60, pp. 3322-3330, 2013.
K.K. Tseng, X. He, W.M. Kung, S.T. Chen, M.H. Liao, and H.N. Huang, “Wavelet-based watermarking and compression for ECG signals with verification evaluation,†Sensors, vol. 14, pp. 3721-3736, 2014.
S.E. Jero, P. Ramu, and S. Ramakrishnan, “Discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition based ECG steganography for secured patient information transmission,†J. of Medical Sys., 38:132, s10916-014-0132-z, 2014.
A.R. Calderbank, I. Daubechies, W. Sweldens, and B.L. Yeo, “Wavelet transforms that map integers to integers,†Applied & Computat. Harmonics Analysis, vol. 5, pp. 332-369, 1998.
G.B. Moody and R.G. Mark, “The impact of the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database,†IEEE Eng. in Med. and Biol., vol. 20, pp. 45-50, 2001.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.