Antifungal Effects of Botanical Extracts Against Black Mold of Shallot Bulbs caused by Aspergilus niger
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24203/hxxxe343Keywords:
phytochemical, Black moldAbstract
Black mold, caused by Aspergillus niger, is a major postharvest disease of shallots in Ghana. This study investigated the efficacy of spices (plant materials/botanicals) such as cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense), West African pepper (Piper guineense), grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) and black pepper (Piper nigrum) in managing the disease. Two cultivars of shallot bulbs in Ghana were used; namely, pink and pale brown. The antifungal activity of 25, 50, 75, and 100 % concentrations of each plant extract were assessed in vitro against A. niger mycelia growth. The efficacy of the plant extracts (cloves, habanero pepper, West African pepper, grains of paradise and black pepper) in managing the black mold disease of shallot bulbs was assessed in vivo by dipping bulbs in 100 % concentrations of each plant extract 21 days. Factorial experimental design was used in both in vitro and in vivo experiments; each plant extract treatment had three replications at four concentration levels, with three replications each for both positive and negative controls arranged in a completely randomised design. The study revealed that all extracts significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited mycelial growth at various concentrations (25,50,75, and 100 %) compared to the negative control treatments, but clove extracts completely suppressed growth at all concentrations. In vivo, aqueous extracts of cloves, black pepper, and grains of paradise reduced disease intensity and bulb weight loss, whereas habanero and West African pepper were less effective. Disease severity and weight loss were consistently higher under enclosed storage compared to open storage.
References
1. Bastos, R. W., Rossato, L., Goldman, G. H., & Santos, D. A. (2021). Fungicide effects on human fungal pathogens: Cross-resistance to medical drugs and beyond. PLoS Pathogens, 17(12), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010073.
2. Chaube, H. S., and Pundhir, V. S. (2009). Crop diseases and their management. PHI Learning Private Limited.
3. Collin K. Campbell, Elizabeth M. Johnson and David W. Warnock (2013). Identification of Pathogenic Fungi (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons ltd, Publication.
4. Damicone, J., & Smith, D. (2009). Fungicide Resistance Management. EPP-7633 http://osufacts.okstate.edu
5. Economy, T. (2021). Ghana | Imports and Exports | World | Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks | Value (US$) and Value Growth, YoY (%) | 2008 - 2019. Annual International Trade Statistics by Country (HS). https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2/Ghana/0703.
6. Hokkanen HMT, Kotiluoto R. 1992. Bioassay of the side effects of pesticides on Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae: standardized sequential testing pro-cedure, IOBC/WPRS Bull. 11:148-151.
7. Kapadiya, H. J., Pathak, D. M., & Patel, D. R. (2013). Effect of artificial injuries and fresh neck cutting against black mould ( Aspergillus niger ) on onion bulb. Frontier 6(2), 422–424.
8. Krutmuang, P., Rajula, J., Pittarate, S., Chatima, C., Thungrabeab, M., Mekchay, S., & Senthil-Nathan, S. (2022). The inhibitory action of plant extracts on the mycelial growth of Ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of chalkbrood disease in Honey bee. Toxicology Reports, 9(March 2020), 713–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.036.
9. Kuberan T, Balamurugan A, Vidhyapallavi R, Nepolean P, Jayanthi R, Beulah T,Premkumar R. 2012. In vitro evaluation certain plant extracts against Glomerella cin-gulata causing brown blight disease of tea. World J Agric Sci. 8:464–467.
10. Kumar, V., Neeraj, Sharma, S., & Sagar, N. A. (2015). Post Harvest Management of Fungal Diseases in Onion - A Review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(6), 737–752.
11. Loon, L. C. Van, Rep, M., & Pieterse, C. M. J. (2006). Significance of Inducible Defense-related Proteins in Infected Plants. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143425
12. Mckinney, H. H. (1923). Influence of soil temperature and moisture on infection of wheat seedlings by Helminthosporium sativum. Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 26, n. 5, p. 195-217.
13. Mikaili, P., Maadirad, S., Moloudizargari, M., & Aghajanshakeri, S. (2013). Ijbms-16-1031- Garlic and Shallot.Pdf. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 16, 1031–1048.
14. Milind Ladaniya (2023). Postharvest disease management with fungicides. Citrus Fruit (Second Edition). Academic Press,16, 563-594, ISBN 9780323993067, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99306-7.00005-0. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323993067000050)
15. Ocamb C. M. and Gent D. H. (2023). Pest Management Handbooks Onion (Allium cepa)-Black Mold. Pacific Northwest. https://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/host-disease/onion-allium-cepa-black-mold.
16. Prajapati, B., & Patil, R. K. (2016). Bio-efficacy of fungicides in management of black mould rot ( aspergillus niger ) of onion. Elsevier.
17. Prajapati, B., & Patil, R. K. (2016). Impact of Inoculation Methods on Development of Black Mould Rot of Onion Incited by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem Impact of Inoculation Methods on Development of Black Mould Rot of Onion Incited by Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem.
18. Rianosa, R., Hartal, H., & Setyowati, S. (2020). Effectiveness of the Ageratum (Ageratum conyzoides) Leaf Extract as Botanical Fungicide Against Twisted Disease of Shallot. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.33230/jlso.9.1.2020.436
19. Sibi G., Wadhavan R., Singh S., Dhananjaya K., Ravikumar K. R., less H. M.. (2013). Biological control of onion black mold by Indian culinary spices under in vitro conditions. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.
20. Singh J, Tripathi NN. 1999. Inhibition of storage fungi of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) by some essential oils. Flavour Fragr J. 14(1):1-4.
21. Siswanto, N., Bintoro, N., Karyadi, J. N. W., & Rahayoe, S. (2022). Effect of postharvest handling of shallots in supporting the sustainability of the availability of shallot seeds. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1059(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012072
22. Suharti, T., Nugraheni, Y. M. M. A., Suita, E., & Sumarni, B. (2020). Effect of plant extracts and chemical fungicide on viability and percentage of seed-borne fungal infection on calliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) seed. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 533(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/533/1/012040
23. Swett C.L., Aegerter B.J., Turini T.A., & A. I. P. (2019). Onion and Garlic Pest Management Guidelines Black Mold Aspergillus niger. In UC IPM Agriculture. UC ANR Publication.
24. Wightwick, A., Walters, R., Allinson, G., Reichman, S., & Menzies, N. (2010). Environmental Risks of Fungicides Used in Horticultural Production Systems. Fungicides. https://doi.org/10.5772/13032
25. Zahari, R., Halimoon, N., Sajap, A. S., Ahmad, M. F., & Mohamed, M. R. (2014). Bioantifungal activity of selected medicinal plant extracts against root rot of fungal disease. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140201.16
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Perpetual M. Katsriku, Joseph K. Kwodaga, Benjamin K. Badii
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright © The Author(s). This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
