Bacteriostatic Effect of Terminalia catappa Leaves Extract on Clinical Isolates of Gram Negative Bacteria
Keywords:
Terminalia catappa, Extract, Biological activity, Clinical isolates, BacteriaAbstract
To determine the antibacterial activity type, extracts of Terminalia catappa leaves were tested in vitro on Gram negative bacteria. Extract of Terminalia catappa leaves was obtained from ethanol using percolation method. The sensitivity of four clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis and Yersinia enterocolitica was tested. The extract demonstrated strong in vitro antibacterial activity against these organisms at all the concentrations used (20µg/disc, 40µg/disc, 80µg/disc and 160µg/disc). Of these bacteria screened for antibacterial activity, M. Morganii appeared to be the most sensitive organism exhibiting growth inhibition zone diameter of 15mm (160µg/disc), 14mm (80µg/disc), 12mm (40µg/disc) and 9mm (20µg/disc). It was followed by P. mirabilis and Y. enterocolitica sharing the same zones of growth inhibition of 14mm (160µg/disc), 13mm (80µg/disc), 10mm (40µg/disc) and 8mm (20µg/disc) while the least sensitive organism was E. coli with 11mm (160µg/disc), 10mm (80µg/disc) and 9mm each for 40µg/disc and 20µg/disc.  This suggested that the cell wall composition of the former above mentioned bacteria might be different of that of the latter.Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined at 25µg/ml for the entire test organisms. Although the extract revealed a strong inhibitory activity against the test organisms, growth was observed when test-tubes which showed absence of growth at MIC were sub-cultured on solid media to determine Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) meaning that the extract was only bacteriostatic at these concentrations.
Â
Â
References
Muhammad A. and Mudi S. Y. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts. J. Nigerian Society for experimental Biology, 23(1):35-39, 2011.
Tan, G. T., Pezzuto J. M., Kinghorn A. D. and Hughes S. H. Evalution of natural products as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, journal of natural products 54(14): 3-154, 1991.
Wee Y. C. “A Guide to medicinal plantsâ€. Singapore Science Centre (P. 146: Description, chemical compounds, uses, photo), 1992.
Masuda T., Yonemori S., Oyama Y., Tekeda Y., Tanaka T., Andoh T., Shinohara A. and Nakata M. Evaluation of the antioxidant Activity of environmental plants activity of the leaf extract from Seashore plants. Journal of Agricultural and food chemistry 47: 174-1754, 1999.
Lin C. C., Chen Y. L., Lin J. M. and Ujiie T. Evaluation of the Antioxidant and hepato protective activity of Terminalia catappa. The American journal of Chinese medicine 25: 153-161, 1997.
Lin C. C., Hsu Y. F. and Lin T. C. Effects of punicaligin and Punicalin on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. The American Journal of Chines medicine 27: 371-376, 1999.
Chen P. S., Li J. H., Liu T. Y. and Lin T. C. Folk medicine Terminalia catappa and its major tannin component, Punicalagin, are Effective against bleomycin-induced genotaxocity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer letters, 52: 115- 122, 2000.
Nagappa A. N., Thakurdesai P. A., Venkat R. N. and Singh J. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia catappa Linn fruits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88:45-50, 2003.
Ratnasooriya W. D. and Dharmasiri M. G. Effects of Terminalia catappa seeds on sexual behavior and fertility of male rats. Sian Journal of andrology 2: 213-226, 2000.
Walsh C. Molecular mechanisms that confer bacteria drug resistance. Nature vol. 406 (84): 235-289, 2000.
Shariff Z. U. Modern Herbal therapy for common ailments. Nature pharmacy series vol. 1, spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria in association with safari Books (Export) Limited, United Kingdom, pp. 9-84, 2001.
Nair R. and sumittra C. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia Catappa , Manikara zapota and Piper betel leaf extract. Indian J. Pharm Sci., V. 70(3): 390-393, 2008.
Opara F. N., Anuforo H. U., Okechuk W. R. I, Mgbemena I. C., Akujobi C. O. and Adjero A. Preliminary phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa. J. of Emergging Trends in Engineering and applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3(3): 424-428, 2012.
Kaufmann B. P., Calson F. T., Dayanandan P. Evan, Fisher B. J. ,Parks C., Wells R. J. plants: their biology and importance. Harper and row publishers, New York. 681-700, 1999.
World Health organization statistics. “are Herbs Safaâ€. Herb quartery pp. 37, 2002.
Ebana R. U. B., Madunagu B. E., Ekpe E. D. and Otung I. N. Microbiological exploitation of Cardiac glycoside and alkaloids from Garcinia Kola, Borreria ocymoides, Kola nitida ant citrus aurantifolia. Journal of applied Biotechnology 71; 398-401, 1991.
Williams V. L. the witwater stand multitrade. Veld and flora 82; PP. 12-14, 1996.
Pamplona-Roger G. D. Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Vol 1 and
(2nd edn). Education and Health Library, the European union, U. K. pp. 128-1, 1999.
Muktar M. D and Tukur A. In-vitro screening for activity of pistia stratiotes extracts. NISEB journal 1(1):51-60, 1999.
Alade P. I. and Irobi O. N. (1993): Antimicrobial activities of crude leaf extracts of Calypha
Wilknesiama. J. Ethanopharmacol., 39:171-174.
Cheesebrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge University press, London. 2: 137-140, 2000.
Sumitra C., Kalpna R. and Rathish N. Antimicrobial Activity of Terminalia catappa L. Leaf Extracts against some Clinically Important Pathogenic microbial
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.
