Spanish Flu (Great Influenza) 1918: The Tale of The Most deadly Pandemic in History
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v10i2.6949Keywords:
Spanish flu, Pandemic, Epidemic, Influenza, COVID-19, United States of AmericaAbstract
The epidemic is an imminent danger that all humans fear, as it does not differentiate between anyone, whether small or old, rich or poor. It is characterized by its ability and super speed to conquer the world and its primary goal is to target humans and eradicate their lives. In this article, the authors decided to provide a brief historical overview of the Spanish flu pandemic, where it initiated and how it influenced the people of the earth and review a set of images about events that occurred in the United States of America in 1918. All facts in this article are collected from a group of published articles on websites. This article found that the Spanish flu is one of the deadliest diseases in human history, as it managed to kill 40 to 100 million people around the world in two years.
References
Gallè F., Sabella E. A., Da Molin G., De Giglio O., Caggiano G., Di Onofrio V., et al., “Understanding Knowledge and Behaviors Related to CoViD–19 Epidemic in Italian Undergraduate Students: The EPICO Study,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.17, no.10, pp:1-11, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103481
Murray E. J., “Epidemiology's Time of Need: COVID-19 Calls for Epidemic-Related Economics,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.34, no. 4, pp:105-120, Fall 2020, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.4.105
Mijwil M. M., Alsaadi A. S, and Aggarwal K., “Differences and Similarities Between Coronaviruses: A Comparative Review,” Asian Journal of Pharmacy, Nursing and Medical Sciences, vol.9, no.4, pp:49-61, September 2021. https://doi.org/10.24203/ajpnms.v9i4.6696
Mijwil M. M., Al-Mistarehi AH., and Aggarwal K., “The Effectiveness of Utilising Modern Artificial Intelligence Techniques and Initiatives to Combat COVID-19 in South Korea: A Narrative Review,” Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, vol.9, no.5, pp:343-352, November 2021. https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v9i5.6753
Pokhrel S. and Chhetri R., “A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and Learning,” Higher Education for the Future, vol.8, no.1, pp:133-141, January 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481
Padhan R. and Prabheesh K. P., “The economics of COVID-19 pandemic: A survey,” Economic Analysis and Policy, vol.70, pp:220-237, June 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.02.012
Samrah S M, Al-Mistarehi AH W, Ibnian A M, Raffee L A, Momany S M, Al-Ali M, et al., “COVID-19 outbreak in Jordan: Epidemiological features, clinical characteristics, and laboratory findings,” Annals of Medicine and Surgery, vol.57, pp: 103-108, September 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.07.020
Samrah S M, Al-Mistarehi AH, Aleshawi A J, Khasawneh A G, Momany S M, Momany B S et al., “Depression and Coping Among COVID-19-Infected Individuals After 10 Days of Mandatory in-Hospital Quarantine, Irbid, Jordan,” Psychology Research and Behavior Management, vol.13, pp: 823—830, October 2020. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S267459
Al-Mistarehi AH., Kheirallah K. A., Yassin A., Alomari S., Aledrisi M. K., Ata E. M. B., et al., “Determinants of the willingness of the general population to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in a developing country,” Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research, vol.10, no.2, pp:171-182, May 2021. https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2021.10.2.171
Mijwil M. M., Al-Mistarehi AH, and Mutur, D. S., “The Practices of Artificial Intelligence Techniques and Their Worth in the Confrontation of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review," Mobile and Forensics, vol.4, no.1, pp:11-30, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/mf.v4i1.5691
Cohen B., “Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability,” Technology in Society, vol.28, no.1-2, pp:63-80, April 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.10.005
Zimmermann K. F., Karabulut G., Bilgin M. H., and Doker A. C., “Inter-country distancing, globalisation and the coronavirus pandemic,” The World Economy, vol.46, no.6, pp:1484-1498, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12969
Peeri N. C., Shrestha N., Rahman S., Zaki R., Tan Z., Bibi S., “The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned?,” International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.49, no.3, pp:717-726, June 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa033
Neirotti P., De Marco A., Cagliano A. C., Mangano G., Scorrano F., “Current trends in Smart City initiatives: Some stylised facts,” Cities, vol.38, pp: 25-36, June 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.010
Mas-Coma S., Jones M. K., and Martyc A. M., “COVID-19 and globalization,” One Health, vol.9, pp: 100132, June 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100132
Ye J., “The Role of Health Technology and Informatics in a Global Public Health Emergency: Practices and Implications From the COVID-19 Pandemic,” JMIR Medical Informatics, vol.8, no.7, pp: e19866, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.2196/19866
Tuncer F. F., “The spread of fear in the globalizing world: The case of COVID-19,” Journal of Public Affairs, vol.20, vol.4, pp: e2162, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2162
Tricarico L. and Vidovich L., “Proximity and post-COVID-19 urban development: Reflections from Milan, Italy,” Journal of Urban Management, vol.10, no. 3, pp:302-310, September 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2021.03.005
Corazza M. V., Moretti L., Forestieri G., and Galiano G., “Chronicles from the new normal: Urban planning, mobility and land-use management in the face of the COVID-19 crisis, Chronicles from the new normal: Urban planning, mobility and land-use management in the face of the COVID-19 crisis,” Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, vol. 12, p:100503, December 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100503
Pal S. C., Saha A., Chowdhuri I., Roy P., Chakrabortty R., and Shit M., “Threats of unplanned movement of migrant workers for sudden spurt of COVID-19 pandemic in India,” Cities, vol. 109, pp: 103035, February 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103035
Lin A., Zeng Z., Xu Z., Li X., Chen X., Xu W., et al., “Changes in the PM2.5-related environmental health burden caused by population migration and policy implications,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 287, pp:125051, March 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125051
Tonn B., Hawkins B., Rose E., and Marincic M., “A futures perspective of health, climate change and poverty in the United States,” Futures, vol. 131, pp: 102759, August 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2021.102759
Aggarwal K., Mijwil M. M., Sonia, Al-Mistarehi AH., Alomari S., Gök M., Alaabdin A. M., and Abdulrhman S. H., “Has the Future Started? The Current Growth of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning,” Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics, vol.3, no.1, pp:115-123, January 2022
Mijwil M. M., Salem I. E, and Abttan R. A. “Utilisation of Machine Learning Techniques in Testing and Training of Different Medical Datasets,” Asian Journal of Computer and Information Systems, vol.9, no.5, pp:29-34, November 2021, https://doi.org/10.24203/ajcis.v9i4.6765
Mijwil M. M., and Abttan R. A., “Artificial Intelligence: A Survey on Evolution and Future Trends,” Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, vol.9, no.2, pp:87-93, April 2021, https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v9i2.6589
Al-Zubaidi E. A., Mijwil M. M., and Alsaadi A. S., “Two-Dimensional Optical Character Recognition of Mouse Drawn in Turkish Capital Letters Using Multi-Layer Perceptron Classification,” Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, vol.54, no.4, pp.1-6, Augusts 2019, https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.54.4.4.
Shaker, A. S., Abdulqader A. W., Mijwil, M. M., “DE-striping hype spectral Remote Sensing Images using Deep Convolutional Neural Network”, Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, vol.9, no.4, pp:285-290. September 2021. https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v9i4.6719
Mijwil M. M., Mutar D. S., filali Y., Aggarwal K., and Al-Shahwani H., “Comparison Between Expert Systems, Machine Learning, and Big Data: An Overview,” Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, vol.10, no.1, pp:83-88, March 2022. https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v10i1.6930
AL-Shahwani H. I. W., Yassin W. M., Zainalabidin Z., and Rasheed M., “An integrated multi layers approach for detecting unknown malware behaviours,” International Journal of Engineering & Technology, vol.7, no.4, pp:5618-561, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.23675.
Mijwil M. M., “High Speed Transmission of Signal Level for White Light Emitting Diode (LED) as a Transmitter Device by using Modified Phase Equalization,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol.17, no.3, pp.1348-1354, March 2020, Indonesia, https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.
Salem I. E., Mijwil M. M., Abdulqader A. W., and Ismaeel M. M., “Flight-Schedule using Dijkstra's Algorithm with Comparison of Routes Finding,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol.12, no.2, pp:1675-1682, April 2022. http://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i2.pp%25p.
El-Rashidy N., Abdelrazik S., Abuhmed T., Amer E., Ali F., Hu J. and El-Sappagh S., “Comprehensive Survey of Using Machine Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Diagnostics, vol.11, no.7, pp1-44:, June 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071155
Loey M., Manogaran G., Taha M. H. N., and Khalifa N. E. M., A hybrid deep transfer learning model with machine learning methods for face mask detection in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, Measurement, vol.167, pp:108288, January 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108288
Abd S. N., Alsajri M., and Ibraheem H. R., “Rao-SVM Machine Learning Algorithm for Intrusion Detection System”, Iraqi Journal For Computer Science and Mathematics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 23-27, January 2020.
Mijwil M. M., “Malware Detection in Android OS Using Machine Learning Techniques,” Data Science and Applications, vol.3, no.2, pp:5-9, 31 December 2020.
Niu Y. and Korneev A., “Identification Method of Power Internet Attack Information Based on Machine Learning”, Iraqi Journal For Computer Science and Mathematics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-7, February 2022.
Mijwil M. M., “Implementation of Machine Learning Techniques for the Classification of Lung X-Ray Images Used to Detect COVID-19 in Humans,” Iraqi Journal of Science, vol.62, no.6., pp: 2099-2109, July 2021. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.6.35.
Castiglioni I., Ippolito D., Interlenghi M., Monti C. B., Salvatore C., Simone Schiaffino S., et al., “Machine learning applied on chest x-ray can aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19: a first experience from Lombardy, Italy,” European Radiology Experimental, vol. 5, pp:1-10, February 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41747-020-00203-z
Mijwil M. M. and Al-Zubaidi E. A., “Medical Image Classification for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Using Convolutional Neural Networks,” Iraqi Journal of Science, vol.62, no.8, pp: 2740-2747, August 2021. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.8.27.
Matta S., Arora V. K., and Chopra K. K., Lessons to be learnt from 100 year old 1918 influenza pandemic viz a viz 2019 corona pandemic with an eye on NTEP, Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, vol.67, no. 4, pp: S132-S138, December 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.09.032
Desai A., “Twentieth-Century Lessons for a Modern Coronavirus Pandemic,” JAMA, vol.323, no.21, pp:2118-2119, April 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4165
Beltranena D., “Carry On”: State Censorship and Denial Of Spanish Influenza In Great Britain (1918-19), Interdisciplinary Dialogue Proceedings, vol.4, no.1, pp:1-10, May 2021.
Wilson N., Rice G., Thomson G., and Baker M. G., Remembering past pandemics to ensure we plan for the future: updated New Zealand survey of memorials to the 1918 influenza pandemic, New Zealand Medical Journal, vol.134, no. 1528, pp: 111- 114, January 2021.
Liu W. J., Bi Y., Wang D., and Gao G. F., On the Centenary of the Spanish Flu: Being Prepared for the Next Pandemic, Virologica Sinica, vol. 33, pp: 463–466, December 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-018-0079-1
Martini M., Gazzaniga V., Bragazzi N. L. and Barberis I., The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918, Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, vol. 60. no.1, pp: E64- E67, 2019.
Vázquez- Espinosa E., Laganà C., and Vazquez F., “The Spanish flu and the fiction literature,” Revista Española de Quimioterapia, vol.33, no.5, pp:296-312, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.37201/req/049.2020
Aimone F., “The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in New York City: A Review of the Public Health Response,” Public Health Reports, vol.125, pp:71–79, April 2010, https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549101250S310.
140 years of service: Work of today’s volunteers mirrors 1918 influenza pandemic response, Retrieved from American Red Cross website, May 2021, https://www.redcross.org/about-us/news-and-events/news/2021/work-of-today-s-volunteers-mirrors-1918-influenza-pandemic-respo.html
Roos D., “Why the Second Wave of the 1918 Flu Pandemic Was So Deadly,” Retrieved from History website, March 2020, https://www.history.com/news/spanish-flu-second-wave-resurgence
Tworek H., “The promise and peril of anti-pandemic technology,” Retrieved from Brookings website, December 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/the-promise-and-peril-of-anti-pandemic-technology/
Matthews D., “Social distancing won’t just save lives. It might be better for the economy in the long run,” Retrieved from Vox website, March 2020. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/3/31/21199874/coronavirus-spanish-flu-social-distancing
The Flu Pandemic of 1918, Retrieved from National Archives News website. https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/flu-pandemic-1918
Greenwood G. and Bridge M., “Spanish Flu v coronavirus: how The Times reported the 1918 pandemic,” Retrieved from The Times website, March 2020. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spanish-flu-v-coronavirus-how-the-times-reported-the-1918-pandemic-zn3rzztk9
National Museum of Health and Medicine, June 2011. https://www.flickr.com/photos/medicalmuseum/5857153474
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Maad M. Mijwil, Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi , Deeb Jamil Zahran, Safwan Alomari, Ruchi Doshi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.
