Analysing Factors Influencing Occupational Benzene Exposure Concentration in Loading Operations at Gasoline Storage and Distribution Facility in Developing Countries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v7i1.5685Keywords:
benzene concentration, developing country, gasoline storage and distribution facility, interpretive structural model, identified factorsAbstract
Refined petroleum products are handled in gasoline storage and distribution facility to be conveyed to the end users. These are done through loading operations. During loading operations benzene vapor escape from various emissions sources and the level of benzene exposure concentration alter, based on several factors. However, the lack of monitoring data in some oil exporting developing countries, makes challenging the chemical exposure assessment in these facilities. Therefore, identifying, prioritizing and understanding the interactions of factors that influence benzene exposure concentration during loading operations at gasoline storage and distribution facility in developing country would help management to conduct a more comprehensive and accurate chemical risk assessment. The interpretive structural modeling methodology for identifying the direct and indirect relationships between the factors describe the situation far more accurately than an individual factor taken in isolation. Therefore, represents the suitable tool to conduct our research. The results of this study reveals that the identified factors such as: ‘’product’’, ‘’regulation’’, ‘’working practices’’ and ‘’installation’’ are the most influential for benzene exposure concentration level at gasoline storage and distribution facility in developing countries. Based on those results, management should tackle first these factors before others and emphasize on strategy to improve these factors with the view of providing a safe working place through a benzene exposure concentration level lower than the occupational exposure limit.
References
Carolyn F. Phillips CF, Robert K. JONES RK. Gasoline vapor exposure during bulk handling operations. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1978; Volume 39: 1978 - Issue 2/ Pages 118-128.; 04 Jun 2010.
J. Paul Guyer 2014. An Introduction to Petroleum Fuel Facilities: Bulk Fuel Storage. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY 10980 P: (877) 322-5800 F: (877) 322-4774 info@cedengineering.com.
G.H. Pandya, A.G. Gavane and V.K. Kondawar. Assessment of Occupational Exposure to VOCs at the Gantry Gasoline Terminal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRON. SCIENCE & ENGG. VOL. 48, No. 3, P. 175 -182, July 2006.Development, Inc. 9 Grey ridge Farm Court. Stony Point, NY 10980. 6.
Igor Burstyn, Xiaoqing (Isabelle) Nicola Cherry Ambikaipakan, Senthilselvan. Determinants of airborne benzene concentrations in rural areas of western Canada. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.011 Atmospheric Environment. Volume 41, Issue 36, November 2007, Pages 7778-7787
Parkinson GS (1971) Benzene in motor gasoline __ an investigation into possible health hazards in and around filling stations and in normal transport operations. Ann Occup Hyg 14, 145-153
Sherwood, RJ (1972) Evaluation of exposure to benzene vapor during loading of petrol. Br J Ind Med 29:65-69 Received Match 5, 1990; accepted June 4, 1990.
GjOrloff K, Skardin B, Svedung I (1982): Cited from Holmberg B, Lundberg P (1985). Berlin M (1988) Biological monitoring of populations exposed to volatile petroleum products. Ann NY Acad Sci 534:472-480. GjOrloff K, Skardin B, Svedung I (1982): Cited from Holmberg B, Lundberg P (1985).
Runion, H.E. and Scott, L.M. (1985) Benzene exposure in the United States 1978-1983: an overview. Am. J. Ind. Med. 7,385-393.
Halder CA, Van Gorp GS, Hatoum NS, Warne TM (1986). Gasoline vapor exposures. Part I. Characterization of workplace exposures. Am. Ind. Hyg. Ass. J 47:164-172.
Berlin M (1988) Biological monitoring of populations exposed to volatile petroleum products. Ann NY Acad Sci 534:472-480.
Verma DK, Jim A. Julian JA, Gail Bebee G, Wai K. Cheng WK, Holborn K, Shaw L. Hydrocarbon exposures at petroleum bulk terminals and agencies. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 1992; 53(10): Pages 645-656, (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298669291360292.
Behzad Heibatia, Krystal J. Godri Pollitt, Jamshid Yazdani Charati, Alan Ducatmand. Ali Karimi, f Mahmoud Mohammad yang. Biomonitoring-based exposure assessment of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene among workers at petroleum distribution facilities. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Volume 149, March 2018, Pages 19-25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.070.
Verma DK, Diane M. Johnson DM, M. Lorraine Shaw ML, Karen Des Tombe K. Benzene and Total hydrocarbons exposures in downstream petroleum industries. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 2001;62:176-194 (2001) Pages 176-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984621
IARC (1987). Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC Monographs volumes 1 to 42. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinogens Risks Hum Suppl, 7: 1–440. PMID:3482203
Navasumrit P, Chanvaivit S, Intarasunanont P, Arayasiri M, Lauhareungpanya N, Parnlob V, Settachan D, Ruchirawat M. Environmental and occupational exposure to benzene in Thailand Chem Biol Interact. 2005 May 30;153-154:75-83. Epub 2005 Apr 1.
Keretetse G.S., Laubscher P.J., du Plessis J.L., Pretorius P.J., van der Weshuizen F.H., van Dyk E., Eloff F.C., Arde M.N., du Plessis L.H. DNA damage and repair detected by the comet assay in lymphocytes of African petrol attendants: A pilot study. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2008`; 52:653–662. http://dx.doi:10.1093/annhyg/men047. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
Cheremisinoff and Morresi, 1979; P.N. Cheremisinoff, A.C. Morresi. Benzene, Basic and Hazardous Properties. Marcel Dekker, New York (1979), p. 250. Google Scholar.
Tunsaringkarn T, Siriwong W, Rungsiyothin A, Nopparatbundit S. Occupational Exposure of Gasoline Station Workers to BTEX Compounds in Bangkok, Thailand. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;3:117-25.
TIN Ezejiofor, HC Nwigwe, FOU Osuala, MOE Iwuala Appraisals for potential hazards in the operational environment and facilities of petroleum refining and distribution industry in Nigeria. Journal of Medical Investigation and Practice, Year: 2014 | Volume: 9 | Issue: 1 | Page: 39-42. http://www.jomip.org/text.asp?2014/9/1/39/132558.
Monney, John Bosco Dramani, Abigail Aruna, Asantewa Gyamfi Tenkorang, Fred Osei-Poku Health and safety in high-risk work environments: A study of fuel service stations in Ghana. Isaac Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science.
T. Kawai, K. Yamaoka, Y. Uchida, and M. Ikeda. Exposure to Vapors of Benzene and Other Aromatic Solvents in Tank Truck Loading and Delivery. Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Osaka 550, Japan and Department of Public Health, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606, Japan.
W.S. Irving WS, Thomas G. Grumbles TG. Benzene exposures during gasoline loading at bulk marketing terminals. American Industrial Hygiene Association, J 1979;40:468-736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298667991429840. Toxicology Letters, 52 (1900) 135-139, 1990.
Nordlinder R, Ramnas O. EXPOSURE TO BENZENE AT DIFFERENT WORK PLACES IN SWEDEN. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 31, Issue 3, 1 January 1987, Pages 345–355, https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/31.3.345
U.S.EPA-450. CONTROL OF HYDROCARBONS FROM TANK TRUCK GASOLINE LOADING TERMINALS. EPA-450/2-77-026 (OAQPS NO. 1.2-082).
Julie Yu and Harris Cooper. A Quantitative Review of Research Design Effects on Response Rates to Questionnaires. Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 20, No. 1 (Feb., 1983), pp. 36-44 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. https://DOI:10.2307/3151410
MSAFIRI M. JACKSON. ORGANIC LIQUIDS STORAGE TANKS VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCS) EMISSIONS, DISPERSION AND RISK ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF DAR-ES-SALAAM CITY, TANZANIA. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2006) 116: 363–382 https://DOI:10.1007/s10661-006-7573.
S. Raghavan & K. Basavaiah. Biological monitoring among benzene-exposed workers in Bangalore city, India Pages 336-341 | Received 10 May 2005, Published online: 08 Oct 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547500500274206.
Cruz-Núñez, X., Hernández-SolÃs, J.M., Ruiz-Suárez, Evaluation of vapor recovery systems efficiency and personal exposure in service stations in Mexico City. Science of the Total Environment Volume 309, Issue 1-3, 20 June 2003, Pages 59-68.
Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis, Spyros P. Karakitsios, Alberto Gotti, Costas L. Papaloukas, Pavlos A. Kassomenos and Georgios A. Pilidis. Bayesian Algorithm Implementation in a Real Time Exposure Assessment Model on Benzene with Calculation of Associated Cancer Risks. Sensors 2009, 9, 731-755; https://doi:10.3390/s90200731 Sensors. ISSN 1424-8220.
Eun Kyo Chung Jae Kil Jang Dong Hee KohA comparison of benzene exposures in maintenance and regular works at Korean petrochemical plants Journal of Chemical Health and Safety Volume 24, Issue 3, May–June 2017, Pages 21-26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2016.09.006
Tuomi T, Veijalainen H, Santonen. Managing Exposure to Benzene and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons at Two Oil Refineries 1977-2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jan 24;15(2). pii: E197. http://dx.doi:10.3390/ijerph15020197
Tran Thi Ngoc Lana Ngo Quang Liema Nguyen Thi Thanh Binh b. Personal exposure to benzene of selected population groups and impact of commuting modes in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. Volume 175, April 2013, Pages 56-63 Environmental Pollution https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.017
Rajesh Attri, Nikhil Dev, and Vivek Sharma. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) approach: An Overview. Research Journal of Management Sciences. Vol. 2(2), 3-8, February (2013) Res. J. Management Sci. International Science Congress Association.
Rajesh Attri • Sandeep Grover • Nikhil Dev • Deepak Kumar. Analysis of barriers of total productive maintenance (TPM) . Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag (Oct-Dec 2013) 4(4):365–377 https://DOI10.1007/s13198-012-0122-9
Leticia Sarmentodos Muchangos, AkihiroTokai, Atsuko Hanashima. Analyzing the structure of barriers to municipal solid waste management policy planning in Maputo city, Mozambique. Volume 16, December 2015, Pages 76-89Environmental Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.07.002
Shankar Chandramowli, Morghan Transue Frank A.Felder. Analysis of barriers to development in landfill communities using interpretive structural modeling. Volume 35, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 246-253 Habitat International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.09.005
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.
