From Divine Word to Divine Wealth: Sociological Analysis of the Developmental Phases of Pentecostal Churches in Ghana
Keywords:
Pentecostalism, Innovation, Entrepreneurial, Divine-actors, Divine industries, AutonomyAbstract
There is an ongoing debate regarding the proliferation of Pentecostal churches in Africa and Ghana in particular. Consequently, Pentecostal denominations are seen as routes through which people gain fame and make wealth. Using a data collection in Ghana in the city of Tamale between July and December 2013, this paper provides an analysis of the different developmental phases of Pentecostal churches in Ghana. The results points to an increasing numbers of Pentecostal churches in Ghana. This increased is partly due to the increasing number of educated elites who have taken advantage of the economic potential in establishing Pentecostal churches. The paper reveals that the real intention of almost all pastors who have planted their churches is to see it grow to become a mega church or reaching a true entrepreneurial stage. The paper further reveals that it is not just a one stop journey, but has to pass through stages before achieving the self fulfilling stage. The paper thus concludes that in as long as the industry remains lucrative, a number of educated elites will join the vacation.
Â
References
A. Anderson, An Introduction to Pentecostalism; Global Charismatic Christianity, CAMBRIDGE, 2004.
J. K. Asamoah-Gyadu, African Charismatics: Current Developments within Independent Indigenous Pentecostalism in Ghana, Brill, Leiden, 2005.
M. Assimeng, Religion and Social Change in West Africa: An Introduction to the Sociology of Religion; Second Edition, Woeli publishing services, Accra, 2010.
K. Bediako, Cry Jesus! Christian Theology and Presence in Modern Africa, (The Laing Lecture), Vox Evangelica 23:7-26, 1993.
R. M. Bell, Charismatic Leadership Case Study with Ronald Reagan, Emerging Leadership Journeys, Vol. 6(1):66-74, 2013.
A. M. Essien, Social Challenges of Witchcraft in African Christian Experience, European Journal of Social Sciences, vol 16(4): 534-545, 2010.
Ghana Statistical Service, Population and Housing Census, Summary Report of Final Results, Accra, (2012)
P. Gifford, Ghana’s New Christianity, Pentecostalism in a Globalising African Economy, INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2004
I. J. R. Hackett, Regulating Religious Freedom in Africa, Emory International Law Review, Vol 25, pp 853-879, 2011.
R. Y. Hibbert, The Place of Church Planting in Mission: Towards a Theological Framework, ERT, 33(4): 316-331, 2009.
P. Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The coming of global Christianity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
T. M. Johnson, World Christian Database, Leiden: Brill Online, 2012. www.worldchristiandatabase.org, accessed May 31 2013
L. J. Kirmayer, The Cultural diversity of healing: meaning, metaphor and mechanism, British Medical Bulletin, Vol. 69:33-48, 2004.
K. Lauterbach, Becoming a pastor: Youth and Social Aspiration in Ghana, Nordic Journal of Youth Research, 18(3):259-278, 2010.
K. Lauterbach, ‘The Craft of Pastorship in Ghana and Beyond’, PhD thesis, Graduate School of International Development Studies, Roskilde University, 2008.
D. M. Lindsay, Evangelical in the power Elite: Elite Cohesion Advancing a Movement, In American Sociological Review 73: 60-82, 2008.
K. Meagher, Trading on faith: religious movements and informal economic governance in Nigeria, Journal of Modern African Studies, 47(3) (2009):397–423, 2009.
B. Meyer, Christianity in Africa: From African Independent to Pentecostal-Charismatic Churches, Annual Review Anthropology, 33: 447-474, 2004a.
B. Meyer, ‘Praise the Lord’: Popular cinema and Pentecostalite style in Ghana’s new public sphere; American Ethnologist, vol 31 (1) pp. 92-110, 2004b.
J. W. Meyer, World Society, Institutional Theories, and the Actor, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 36:1-20, 2010.
I. D. Norman, Separation of Church and State: A Study of Accra City’s Use of Public Buildings and Schools for Religious Services in Ghana, Advances in Applied Sociology, Vol. 3(7): 282-288, 2013.
M. P. K. Okyerefo, Pentecostalism in the City of Accra: a Blossom on Functional Appeal and Urban Fecundity, American Journal of Sociological Research, 1(1): 27-34, 2011.
O. Onyinah, Deliverance as a Way of Confronting Witchcraft in Modern Africa: Ghana as a case study; Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies, 5(1): 109-136, 2002.
P. Poutvaara, & W. Andreas, The Invisible Hand Plays Dice: Eventualities in Religious Markets, CESifo Working Paper No. 1238, Category 9: Industrial Organisation, 2004.
B. Sackey, New Directions in Gender and Religion: The changing status of women in African independent churches, ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLICATION, INC. 2006.
S. F. Sanz, Free Riding Religious Congregation: Can it be Eradicated, Paper prepared for the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion Annual Meeting, ITAM, Mexico, 2007.
R. Stark, Bringing Theory Back In, in Rational Choice Theory and Region by Lawrence A. Young (ed) Routledge, NY and London, 1997.
A. Ukah, African Christianities: Features, Promises and Problems, Department of Anthropology and African Studies, Working Papers Nr. 79, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 2007.
R. Van Dijk, Contesting Silence: The Ban on Drumming and the Musical Politics of Pentecostalism in Ghana, Ghana Studies 4:31-64, 2001.
R. Van Dijk, The Pentecostal Gift. Ghanaian Charismatic Churches and the Moral Innocence of the Global Economy, in R Fardon, W van Binsbergen and R van Dijk (eds) Modernity on a Shoestring: Dimensions of Globalisation, Consumption and Development in Africa and beyond, Leiden, African Studies Centre, London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1999.
B. Warf, & W. Morton, Geographies of Mega Churches in the United States, Journal of Cultural Geography, Vol. 27(1):33-51, 2010.
A. Yidana, & I. Mustapha, Pentecostal Creative Ideas, Inspiring Vision, and Innovation in Ghana – A Bane of Pentecostal Continued Plausibility, American Journal of Sociological Research, 4(1): 1-10, 2014.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.