HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Malaysia: Vulnerability and Risk of Women

Authors

  • Md. Nazrul Islam Mondal Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205; Bangladesh
  • Mahendran Shitan Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor; Darul Ehsan

Keywords:

HIV, AIDS, risk factors, women in Malaysia, discriminant function analysis

Abstract

Malaysia is no exception to the growing trend and severity in Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) cases where women are more vulnerable than men. Consequently, the incidence of HIV infections in females is steadily increasing. This study aimed to explore the HIV vulnerability of women and the inequity of HIV infections between males and females in Malaysia over time. Data and necessary information were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. The analyses were done by polynomial curve fitting and discriminant function analysis. The fifth degree polynomials were found as useful fitting models for all the cases and almost all the curves explained more than 95% of the variation. The discriminant function analysis identified the discrimination among males and females HIV/AIDS prevalence and AIDS deaths. The current study identified the discrimination between males and females HIV and AIDS prevalence, and AIDS deaths over time and HIV infections among women are gradually rising. The findings suggested that the policies should be aimed at to reduce the major risk factors of HIV transmission, including injecting drug use, needle sharing, and unprotected sex.

 

Author Biography

Md. Nazrul Islam Mondal, Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205; Bangladesh

Curriculum Vitae

 

Name : Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam Mondal

Mailing Address : Associate Professor

Department of Population Science

and Human Resource Development

University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205; Bangladesh

Phone: +880-721-751217 (Res), Mobile: +88-01198033582

Fax: +880-721-750064

E-mail : nazrul_ru@yahoo.com

Web address                                        : www.nazrul.birampur.com

Nationality : Bangladeshi

Date of Birth : 9th January, 1972

Educational Attainment:DegreeYearInstitutionVisiting Scientist2012Institute for Mathematical Research, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor; MalaysiaPost Doctorate2008Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, JapanPh. D2002University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, BangladeshDiploma in Computer Science2000NTRAMS, Bogra; BangladeshMaster of Science in Applied Mathematics1993

(Held in 1997)

University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, BangladeshB. Sc. Honors in Mathematics1992

(Held in 1996)

University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

 

Current Main Research Field: Biostatistics  and Epidemiology

 

Trainings Courses: i. A one week training course on “Reproductive Health and HIV/AIDS†at Comilla, Bangladesh; sponsored by Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Bangladesh.

ii. A one week training course on “Technology and Innovation Policy†at Islamabad, Pakistan; sponsored by COMSTECH, IDB, and Higher Education of Pakistan.

iii. A three days workshop on “Mathematics Workshop-I: Calculus-I for Machine Learning†organized by Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi and Higher Education Quality Enhancement Program, University Grant Commission, Bangladesh.

iv. A two days workshop on “Probability Workshop-II: Probability Theory and Application in Machine Learning†organized by Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi and Higher Education Quality Enhancement Program, University Grant Commission, Bangladesh.

v. A two days training course on “Matrix Analysis and Their Applications in Statistical Learning Theory†organized by Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi and Higher Education Quality Enhancement Program, University Grant Commission, Bangladesh.

vi. A two days workshop on “International Workshop on Health Statistics†organized by Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi and Higher Education Quality Enhancement Program, University Grant Commission, Bangladesh.

 

Research Experience: I have guided 25 project students, 7 M. Sc. Thesis students, and 3 M. Phil students, also other 6 M. Phil. research students are working under my supervision.

 

Research Grants: i. Faculty Research Grant in 2008 of the Faculty of Science, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh entitled “Knowledge and Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Garments Workers in Bangladeshâ€.

ii. Faculty Research Grant in 2009 of the Faculty of Science, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh entitled “Preventive Knowledge about HIV/AIDS among MSM in Rajshahi City, Bangladeshâ€.

iii. Faculty Research Grant in 2011 of the Faculty of Science, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh entitled “Role of NGOs in Preventing HIV/AIDS: A Study on Rajshahi City, Bangladeshâ€.

iv. University Grant Commission (UGC), Bangladesh Research Grant in 2012 project entitled “Knowledge and Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Commercial Sex Workers in Rajshahi City, Bangladeshâ€.

 

Conference Presentation: i. The research paper entitled “Sexual Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Street-based Female Sex Workers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh†has presented to “The XXIX Annual Conference of IASP at Banaras Hindu University, India†in 20017.

ii. The research paper entitled “Some Selected Determinants of Hypertension in Bangladesh: A Case Study in Rajshahi District†has presented to “The International Conference on Statistical Data Mining for Bioinformatics, Health, Agriculture and Environment†at Rajshahi University, Bangladesh in 2012.

iii. The research paper entitled “Birth Process Modeling for the Estimation of HIV infection for Three Main Cities in Bangladesh†has presented to “The International Statistical Conference on Statistics in Planning and Development: Bangladesh Perspective†at Rajshahi University, Bangladesh in 2012.

iii. The research paper entitled “Birth Process Modeling for the Estimation of HIV infection for Three Main Cities in Bangladesh†has presented to “The National Seminar on Mathematics†at Khulna University, Bangladesh in 2013.

 

Courses Taught in the Graduate and Postgraduate Programs: Demography, Mathematical Demography, Population Dynamics, Population Modeling, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, Biostatistics, Research Methodology, Population Policies and Programs, Reproductive Health, and Epidemiology.

 

Computer Literacy:, MATLAB, SPSS, STATISTICA, EPP.

Language Proficiency: Languages:                          Standard of proficiency:

i)  Bangla                                  Excellent

ii) English                     Excellent

iii) Arabic                                  Good

 

Awards:  i) Scholarship in B.Sc. Program given by the University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

ii) Scholarship for Ph.D. Degree given by the University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

iii) Visiting Research Fellowship (Postdoctoral Fellowship), Matsumae International Foundation (MIF), Japan.

iv) A fellowship has awarded by ‘Administration and Finance Department SESRIC-OIC Ankara Centre’ for the training course on “Technology and Innovation Policy†at Islamabad, Pakistan; sponsored by COMSTECH, IDB, and Higher Education Pakistan.

v) Visiting Scientist Fellowship, Institute for Mathematical Research (INSPEM), University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

 

Country Visited: Japan for Post-doctorate Program, Saudi Arabia for Holy Hajj, India for research Paper Presentation, Pakistan for the Training Program, Malaysia for Visiting Scientist Program.

 

Membership:   i. Bangladesh Mathematical Society

ii. Bangladesh Statistical Association

iii. COMSTECH, Pakistan Alumni Association

Communicated Articles

Article: 01

Title: Childhood Disabilities and Child Protection in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

Article: 02

Title: Social Networking, Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and Determinants of Risky Sexual Behavior among Male Migrant Workers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

Article: 03

Title: Knowledge and Awareness about STDs of Women in Bangladesh.

Article: 04

Title: Factors Affecting Age at Menarche of Secondary and Higher Secondary School Adolescents in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Article: 05

Title: Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis that Influence Patients Living with Tuberculosis at Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. (Accepted for publication)

Article: 06

Title: Determinants of Duration of Breastfeeding in Bangladesh: An Application of Cox Regression Hazard Model.            (Accepted for publication)

Article: 07

Title: Factors on Delay in Tuberculosis Case Detection in Rajshahi, Bangladesh: A Cross Sectional Study

Article: 08

Title: Gender Differences and Knowledge: A Study with Tuberculosis Patients

Article: 09

Title: Determinants of Tuberculosis and Social Stigma in Bangladesh: A Cross Sectional Study

Article: 10

Title: US Population: Change in Size, Composition, and Distribution, 2000-2010

Article: 11

Title: Projection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus among the High Risk Groups in Malaysia

Article: 12

Title: HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Malaysia: Vulnerability and Risk of Women.          (Accepted for publication)

Article: 13

Title: Birth Process Modeling for the Estimation of HIV Infection for Three Main Cities in Bangladesh

Article: 14

Title: Effects of Socio-Health Factors on HIV Epidemic: An Ecological Analysis of Global Data. (Accepted for publication)

Article: 15

Title: Impact of Socio-Health Factors on Life Expectancy in the Low and Lower Middle Income Countries

Article: 16

Title: Determinants of Tobacco Consumption among Males in Bangladesh

Book Chapter

Title of the Book: Applied Demography and Public Health

Publisher: Springer

Chapter 15: Determinants of Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Diabetic Patients in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh

Published Articles

Article: 38: Mondal NI, Faroque O, Rahman MO, and Hossain MS. (2012). Job Satisfaction among the Nurses in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Man in India, 2012, vol. 92, No. 3-4, pages 583-591

ISI Cited

Article: 37: Mondal NI,  Islam R, Rahman O, Rahman S, Hoque N. (2012). Determinants of HIV/AIDS Awareness among Garments  Workers in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.  World Journal of AIDS, 2012, 2, 312-318.

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=25333

Article: 36

Islam MS, Asaduzzaman M, and Mondal MNI. (2012). Stability Analysis at DFE of an Epidemic Model in The Presence of a Preventive Vaccine. IOSR Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 3(2), p25-31

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jm/papers/Vol3-issue2/E0322531.pdf

Article: 35

Mondal, MNI, Rahman, MM, Rahman, OR., Akther, MN. Level of Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Ever Married Women in Bangladesh. doi: 10.5923/j.fph.20120203.03

http://www.sapub.org/global/showpaperpdf.aspx?doi=10.5923/j.fph.20120203.03

Article: 34

Hoque, M.N., Mondal, M.N.I., Moni, S.Y., Chowdhury, R.K.  2012. Determinants of Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Diabetic Patients in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh. J Biomet Biostat S7:001.

http://www.omicsonline.org/2155-6180/pdfdownload.php?download=2155-6180-S7-001.pdf

Article: 33

Rahman, M.M., Mondal, M.N.I., Ali, M.K.  2011. A study on the factors affecting the use of contraception in Bangladesh. International Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. Vol. 1(7): 178-183. http://interesjournals.org/IRJBB/pdf/2011/August/Rahman%20et%20al.pdf

Article: 32

Hossain, M.K.,  Mondal, M.N.I., Akter, M.N. 2011. Reproductive Health Rights in Rural Areas: A Study in Meherpur District, Bangladesh. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility. Vol. 12:.23-32.

Article: 31

Hossain, M.K., Halder, D., Mondal, M.N.I., Haque, M.N. 2010. Direct and Indirect Effects of Socio-economic and Demographic Factors on Age at Death of Infant and Child of Slum Area in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Journal: International Journal of Current Research. Vol. 11: 100-106.

http://www.journalcra.com/sites/default/files/Download_180.pdf

Article: 30

Mondal, M.N.I, Rahman, M.M., Hossain, M.K. 2010. Socio-demographic Condition and Health Complications of Street-based Sex Workers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Research Journal of Medical Sciences. Vol. 4(3): 119-124.

http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/medwelljournals/rjmsci/2010/119-124.pdf

DOI: 10.3923/rjmsci.2010.119.124

Article: 29

Hossain, M.K., Mondal, M.N.I. 2009. A Study on the Health Factors of Infant and Child Mortality in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. Vol. 1(3): 82-87.

http://www.maxwellsci.com/print/ajms/82-87.pdf

Article: 28Mondal, M.N.I,  Takaku, H., Ohkusa, Y. 2009. Impact of Age at Marriage and Migration on HIV and AIDS Epidemics in Japan. International Journal for Equity in Health. 8:23.http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/pdf/1475-9276-8-23.pdf

ISI Impact Factor: 2.00

Article: 27

Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.M., Rahman, M.R., Mondal, M.N.I. 2009. Breastfeeding Practices among Slum Mothers: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Int. Med J. Vol. 8 No 1.

http://www.e-imj.com/Vol8-No1/Vol8-No1-B4.htm

Article: 26

Mondal., M.N.I., Hossain, M.K., Ali, M.K. 2009. Factors Influencing Infant and Child Mortality: A Case Study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. Journal of Human Ecology. 26(1): 31-39.

http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-26-0-000-09-Web/JHE-26-1-000-09-Abst-PDF/JHE-26-1-031-09-1821-Mondal-Md-N-I/JHE-26-1-031-09-1821-Mondal-Md-N-I-Tt.pdf

ISI

Article: 25

Rahman, M.M., Mondal, M.N.I., Islam, M.R. 2009. Divisional Variations in Safe Maternal Delivery Practices in Bangladesh: A Logistic Regression Analysis. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. Vol 1(1):15-18.

http://www.maxwellsci.com/print/ajms/15-18.pdf

Article: 24

Islam, M.M., Mondal, M.N.I., Ali, M.A., Rahman, M.M. 2009. School Attendance of Child Labor: A Pilot Survey in Gaibandha District of Bangladesh. International NGO Journal.  Vol. 4 (4): 109-115.

http://academicjournals.org/INGOJ/PDF/Pdf2009/Apr/Islam%20et%20al.pdf

Article: 23

Mondal, M.N.I., Khan, M.R.A., Chakma, J., Hossain, M.G. 2009. Family Structure, Economic Security and Educational Status of Rural Tribal Chakma in CHT of Bangladesh. J Soc Sci, 19(3): 219-224.

http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-19-0-000-09-Web/JSS-19-3-000-09-Abst-PDF/JSS-19-3-219-2009-686-Mondal-N-I/JSS-19-3-219-2009-686-Mondal-N-I-Tt.pdf

IBSS listed

Article: 22

Mondal, M.N.I., Hiroshi, T., Yasush, O., Tamie, S., Nobuhiko, O. 2009. HIV Acquisition and Transmission in Bangladesh: Turning to the Concentrated Epidemic. Jpn. Infect. Dis., 62:111-119.

http://www.nih.go.jp/JJID/62/111.pdf

ISI Impact Factor: 1.22

Article: 21

Mondal, M.N.I., Hossain, M.K., Ali, M.K.2008.  Women’s Status in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study. Journal of the Institute of Bangladesh Studies. Vol. 31: 117-126.Article: 20

Mondal, M.N.I., Hossain, M.K., Islam, M.R., Mian, M. A. B. 2008. Sexual Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Street-based Female Sex Workers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases.Vol. 12(4):287-292.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjid/v12n4/a06v12n4.pdf

ISI Impact Factor: 1.005

Article: 19

Mondal, M.N.I., Hossain, M.M., Rahman, M.M. 2008. Knowledge and Awareness about HIVAIDS among Garments workers in Gazipur District, Bangladesh. The Social Sciences. Vol. 3 (7): 528-530.

http://medwelljournals.com/fulltext/TSS/2008/528-530.pdf

Article: 18

Sultana, M.S., Mondal, M.N.I. 2008. Velocity propagation of waves at the interface of two liquids for the case of large wavelength. International Journal of Systems Signal Control and Engineering Application. Vol. 1(1):69-73.

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/ijsscea/2008/69-73.pdf

Article: 17

Rahman, M.M., Akter, S.,  Mondal, M.N.I. 2008. Contraceptive Use among Married Women in Chuadanga District, Bangladesh. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. Vol. 6(2):22-27.

http://www.mejfm.com/mejfmMar08_vol6-iss2/contraceptive.htm

Article: 16

Rahman, M.M.,  Khan, M.A.R., Mondal, M.N.I. 2008. Pregnancy Wastage among Married Women in Rural Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Middle East Journal of Nursing. Vol. 2(1):10-13.http://www.me-jn.com/MEJNVol2_Issue1/pregnancywestgate.htmArticle: 15

Alam, S., Mondal, M.N.I., Rahman, M.R., Kabir, M.2008. Child Labor Due to Poverty: A Study on Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. The Social Sciences. Vol. 3(5): 388-391.

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/TSS/2008/388-391.pdf

Article: 14

Mamun, M.R., Mondal, M.N.I., Islam, M.R.,  Kabir, M. 2008. Impact of Some Key Factors on Health Complication of the Child Laborers during Work: A Study on Rangpur, Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 5 (3): 262-267.

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/pjss/2008/262-267.pdf

Article: 13

Mondal, M.N.I., Khan, M.A.R., Chakma, J. 2008. Factors Affecting Child Mortality and Schooling of Rural Chakma in CHT, Bangladesh. The Social Sciences. Vol.  3(2): 189-192.

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/TSS/2008/189-192.pdf

Article: 12

Hannan, M. A., Mondal, M.N.I., Islam, M. S. 2007. Human Rights of Accused Women in Criminal Justice in Bangladesh. The Middle East Journal of Nursing. Vol. 5(7): 15-20.

http://www.me-jn.com/Vol1_Issue5/HumanRights.htm

Article: 11

Uddin, M.S., Hannan, M.A., Mondal, M.N.I. 2007. Trade Union and Labor Rights: Perspective Bangladesh. The Middle East Journal of Business. Vol. 3(1):3-5. http://www.mejb.com/upgrade_flash/Vol3_Issue1/Trade_union.htm

Article: 10

Mondal, M.N.I. 2007. Rising Caesarean Section rate in Developed Countries is not the best Option for Childbirth. The Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. Vol. 5(6): 24-27.

http://www.mejfm.com/volume-5_issue-6/caesarean_section.htm

Article: 9

Azad, M. A.K., Sarker,  M. S.A., Mondal, M.N.I. 2006. Decay of Temperature Fluctuations in Dusty Fluid MHD Turbulence before the Final Period in a Rotating System. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Vol. 1(2): 187-194.

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/jeas/2006/187-194.pdf

Article: 8

Sultana,  M. S., Sarker, M.S.A., Mondal, M.N.I. 2006. Decay of Homogeneous Turbulence before the Final Period in a Rotating System. Review Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society. Vol. 14(1): 67-84.

Article: 7

Mondal, M.N.I. 2006. Decay of Dusty Fluid Turbulence before the Final Period in a Rotating System. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Vol. 1(1): 71-76. http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/jeas/2006/71-76.pdf

Article: 6Mondal, M.N.I., Sultana, M.S., Uddin, M.S. 2006. The Relationship between Continuous Time and Discrete Time Mathematical Models of Single Species Population. Review Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society. Vol. 14(2):137-146.Article: 5Islam, M.R., Islam, N.I., Ali, M.K., Mondal, M.N.I.  2005. Indirect Estimation and Mathematical Modeling of Some Demographic Parameters of Bangladesh. The Oriental Anthropologist. Vol. 5(2): 163-171.Article: 4

Khan, M.A.R., Abedin, S., Mondal, M.N.I., Rahman, M.M. 2007. Velocity and Elasticity Curves of Pregnancy Wastage and Caesarian Deliveries in Bangladesh. The Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. Vol. 5(1):49-54.

http://www.mejfm.com/journal/Jan2007/velocity.htm

Article: 3Mondal, M.N.I, Sultana, M.S., Ali, M.K., Islam, M.R. 2005.  Awareness and Prevention of HIV from Mother to Child Transmission. Rajshahi University Studies, Part B. Journal of Science. Vol. 33: 105-113.Article: 2

Mondal, M.N.I., Khan, M.A.R.,  Islam, M.R., Mamun, A.A. 2005. Commercial Sex Workers in Brothels are Hallmark of HIV Epidemic in Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 3(9): 1152-1158.

http://www.medwelljournals.com/fulltext/pjss/2005/1152-1158.pdf

Article: 1

Mondal, M.N.I., Khan, M.A.R., Ali, M.K. 2004. Labor Force Dynamics of Pakistan. Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences. Vol. 19:73-86.

 

References:

1. Dr. Md. Korban Ali

Vice-Chancellor,

Bangladesh Islami University

R.K. Mission Road, Gupibag

Dhaka; Bangladesh.

Mobile: +88-01914239605

E-mail: mkaseu@yahoo.com

2. Dr. Hiroshi Takaku

Professor

Department of Life and Environmental  Sciences and  High Technology Research Center

Chiba Institute of Technology

Narashino, Chiba; Japan

Phone: +81-047-47-80524

E-mail: hiroshi.takaku@it-chiba.ac.jp

3.  Dr. Md. Nazrul Hoque

Associate Director for Estimates and Projections

Faculty Research Associate

Texas State Data Centre

The University of Texas at San Antonio

501 West Durango Blvd.

San Antonio, Texas 78207-4415

Phone: 210-458-6533

E-mail: nazrul.hoque@utsa.edu

 

4. Dr. Mahendran Shitan

Head, Laboratory of Computational Statistics

and Operations Research

Institute for Mathematical Research

University Putra Malaysia

43400 UPM Serdang

Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Tel. +603-89466876
E-mail: mahen@putra.upm.edu.my

(Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam Mondal)

 

 

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Published

2013-12-14

How to Cite

Mondal, M. N. I., & Shitan, M. (2013). HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Malaysia: Vulnerability and Risk of Women. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 1(5). Retrieved from https://ajouronline.com/index.php/AJHSS/article/view/182