Morpho-Agronomical and Nutritional Evaluation of Cultivated Einkorn Wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) Lines Sown in Autumn and Spring Seasons
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v9i1.6491Keywords:
einkorn wheat, sowing season, morpho-agronomical traits, nutritional characteristicsAbstract
Nowadays diploid einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum), widely cultivated in the Neolithic age, has been reconsidered as the valuable genetic resource for breeding and organic farming due to its high resistance to pests and diseases, adaptation to harsh climates, ability to provide acceptable yields on poor soils even with low/without inputs and high nutritional values. In this research, local 45 cultivated einkorn lines, selected from 500 single rows planted by each single spikes collected from total 50 farmers’ fields in 34 villages of Kastamonu/Turkey, were evaluated in terms of their morpho-agronomical traits and nutritional characteristics during two sowing seasons, autumn 2017 and spring 2018. Einkorn lines sown in two different seasons showed significant variations for heading time, plant height, lodging susceptibility, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, gross grain yield, amount of glume, single kernel weight, kernel diameter, hardness index, grain protein content and the color (a, b, L) values of flour. Furthermore, most of the correlation coefficients between these characteristics were found to be significant. All lines showed “facultative” growth habit, flowering well when sown both in autumn and in spring. Although lines sown in autumn had more yields, the same lines sown in spring provided higher grain quality and more resistance to lodging due to having shorter stems. In order to enable sustainable future use of einkorn, further research is suggested for reduction of plant height to avoid lodging and improvement of grain yield to compete with modern high yielding wheat cultivars.
References
Hammer, K., Filatenko, A.A. and Pistrick, K. “Taxonomic remarks on Triticum L. and xTriticosecale Wittm.” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol.58, pp.3-10, 2011.
Szabó, A.T. and Hammer, K. “Notes on the taxonomy of farro: Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccon and T. spelta” In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats: Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops, pp. 2-40, 1996.
Filatenko, A.A. and Kurkiev, U.K. “A new species – Triticum sinskajae A. Filat. et Kurk.” Trudi po Prikladnoi Botanike Genetike i Selektsii vol.54, no.1, pp.239-241, 1975.
Mac Key, J. “Wheat: its concept, evolution and taxonomy” In: Durum wheat breeding: Current approaches and future strategies, vol.1, pp. 3-61, 2005.
Taenzler, B., Esposti, R.F., Vaccino, P., Brandolini, A., Effgen, S., Heun, M., Schafer-Pregl, R., Borghi, B. and Salamini, F. “Molecular linkage map of einkorn wheat: mapping of storage-protein and soft-glume genes and bread-making quality QTLs” Genetics Research vol.80, no.2, pp.131-143, 2002.
Grausgruber, H., Sailer, C., Ghambashidze, G., Bolyos, L. and Ruckenbauer, P. “Genetic variation in agronomic and quali¬tative traits of ancient wheat” In: Proceedings of the 17th EUCARPIA General Congress: Genetic Variation for Plant Breeding, pp.19-22, 2004.
Heun, M., Schäfer-Pregl, R., Klawan, D., Castagana, R., Accerbi, M., Borghi, B. and Salamini, F. “Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting” Science vol.278, pp.1312-1314, 1997.
Zaharieva, M. and Monneveux, P. “Cultivated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. subs. monococcum): the long life of a founder crop of agriculture” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol.61, no.3, pp.677-706, 2014.
Golovnina, K.A., Kondratenko, E.Y., Blinov, A.G. and Goncharov, N.P. “Molecular characterization of vernalization loci VRN1 in wild and cultivated wheats” BMC Plant Biology vol.10, pp.168-182, 2010.
Stagnari, F., Codianni, P. and Pisante, M. “Agronomic and kernel quality of ancient wheats grown in central and southern Italy” Cereal Research Communications vol.36, pp.313-326, 2008.
Grausgruber, H., Preinerstorfer, B., Geleta, N., Leopold, L., Eticha, F., Kandler, W., Schuhmacher, R., Bointner, H. and Siebenhandl-Ehn, S. “Hulled wheats in organic agriculture - Agronomic and nutritional considerations” In: 8th International Wheat Conference, Abstracts of oral and poster presentations, pp.41-42, 2010.
Perrino, P., Laghetti, G., D’Antuono, L.F., Al Ajlouni, M., Kanbertay, M., Szabó, A.T. and Hammer, K. “Ecogeographical distribution of hulled wheat species” In: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Hulled Wheats: Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops, pp.100-118, 1996.
Karagöz, A. “Wheat landraces of Turkey” Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture vol.26, no.2, pp.149-156, 2014.
Belay, G., Tesemma, T., Bechere, E. and Mitiku, D. “Natural and human selection for purple-grain tetraploid wheats in the Ethiopian highlands” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol.42, pp.387-391,1995.
Keller, L., Schmid, J.E. and Keller, E.R. “Are cereal landraces a source for breeding?” Landwirtschaft Schweiz vol.4, pp.197-202, 1991.
Newton, A.C., Akar, T., Baresel, J.P., Bebeli, P.J., Bettencourt, E., Bladenopoulos, K.V., Czembor, J.H., Fasoula, D.A., Katsiotis, A., Koutis, K., Koutsika-Sotiriou, M., Kovacs, G., Larsson, H., Pinheiro de Carvalho, M.A.A., Rubiales, D., Russell, J., Dos Santos, T.M.M. and Vaz Patto, M.C. “Cereal landraces for sustainable agriculture. A review” Agronomy for Sustainable Development vol.30, pp.237-269, 2010.
DeLacy, I.H., Skovmand, B. and Huerto, J. “Characterization of Mexican wheat landraces using agronomically useful attributes” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol.47, pp.591-602, 2000.
Savacı, G. and Sarıyıldız, T. “A comparison of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stock capacity between cultivated, agriculture and forest soils” Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering vol.2, no.2, pp.51-60, 2018.
Anonymous “Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability. Wheat” TG/3/12, UPOV Code(s): TRITI_AES. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
Anonymous “Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC)” 10th edn. Method No: 10-10-B, 26-50, 14-50, 46-30, 54-21, 54-40, 55-31, 74-09. St. Paul, MN, USA, 2000.
Anonymous “Standard practice for obtaining spectrophotometric data for object-color evaluation” American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method No: E 1164. West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2002.
Düzgüneş, O., Kesici, T., Kavuncu, O. and Gürbüz, F. Methods of research and experiment (Statistical methods II) Lecture Book No: 1021 Publications of Agricultural Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey, 1987.
Mert, Z., Karakaya, A., Düşünceli, F., Akan, K. and Çetin, L. “Determination of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici races of wheat in Turkey” Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry vol.36, pp.107-120, 2012.
Alam, M.A., Khan, A.A., Alam, M.K., Sarker, Z.I. and Rahman, M.M. “Variability and diversity studies in durum wheat (Triticum durum)” Journal of Science and Technology (Dinajpur) vol.11, pp.1-5, 2013.
Karagöz, A. and Zencirci, N. “Variation in wheat (Triticum spp.) landraces from different altitudes of three regions of Turkey” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution vol.52, pp.775-785, 2005.
Desheva, G. “Morphological and agronomical characterization of common wheat landraces (Triticum aestivum L.) from the National Wheat Collection of Bulgaria” Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture vol.26, no.2, pp.164-169, 2014.
Dotlacil, L., Hermuth, J., Stehno, Z. and Manev, M. “Diversity in European winter wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars” Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding vol.16, pp.29-36, 2000.
Kumar, N., Markar, S. and Kumar, V. “Studies on heritability and genetic advance estimates in timely sown bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” Bioscience Discovery vol.5, no.1, pp.64-69, 2014.
Ahmed, I., Kumar, J., Goel, N., Mishra, V.K. and Sharma, P.K. “Characterization of variability, genetic divergence and character association in wheat germplasm of SWRS in respect of nutrition and yield traits” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences vol.7, no.5, pp.303-314, 2018.
Dorofeev, V.F., Udachin, R.A., Semenova, L.V., Novikova, M.V., Grazhdaninova, O.D., Shitova, I.P., Merezhko, A.F. and Filatenko, A.A. World wheat. Agropromizdat, Leningrad, 1987.
Adu, M.O., Sparkes, D.L., Parmar, A. and Yawson, D.O. “Stay green in wheat: comparative study of modern bread wheat and ancient wheat cultivars” ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science vol.6, no.9, pp.16-24, 2011.
Watanabe, N. “Breeding opportunities for early, free-threshing and semi-dwarf Triticum monococcum L.” Euphytica vol.213, pp.201-211, 2017.
Castagna, R., Borghi, B., Di Fonzo, N., Heun, M. and Salamini, F. “Yield and related traits of einkorn (T. monococcum ssp. monococcum) in different environments” European Journal of Agronomy vol.4, no.3, pp.371-378, 1995.
Longin, C.F.H., Ziegler, J., Schweiggert, R., Koehler, P., Carle, R. and Würschum, T. “Comparative study of hulled (einkorn, emmer, and spelt) and naked wheats (durum and bread wheat): agronomic performance and quality traits” Crop Science vol.56, pp.302-311, 2016.
Desheva, G. and Kyosev, B. “Study of genetic parameters and association between characters in einkorn genotypes” Trakia Journal of Sciences vol.15, no.2, pp.141-148, 2017.
Empilli, S., Castagna, R. and Brandolini, A. “Morpho-agronomic variability of the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L.” Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter vol.124, pp.36-40, 2000.
Corbellini, M., Empilli, S., Vaccino, P., Brandolini, A., Borghi, B., Heun, M. and Salamini, F. “Einkorn characterization for bread and cookie production in relation to protein subunit composition” Cereal Chemistry vol.76, no.5, pp.727-733, 1999.
Arya, V.K., Singh, J., Kumar, L., Nagar, S.S., Ahalawat, N.K. and Chand, P. “Genetic variability and heritability studies in relation to grain yield and its component traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences vol.14, no.1, pp.215-222, 2018.
Guzy, M.R., Ehdaie, B. and Waines, J.G. “Yield and its components in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats in diverse environments” Annals of Botany vol.64, pp.635-642, 1989.
Gurcan, K., Demirel, F., Tekin, M., Demirel, S. and Akar, T. “Molecular and agro-morphological characterization of ancient wheat landraces of Turkey” BMC Plant Biology vol.17, pp.171-180, 2017.
Ünal, H.G. “Some physical and nutritional properties of hulled wheat” Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi (Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture) vol.15, no.1, pp.58-64, 2009.
Pogna, N.E., Gazza, L., Corona, V., Zanier, R., Niglio, A., Mei, E., Palumbo, M. and Boggini, G. “Puroindolines and kernel hardness in wheat species” In: Wheat quality elucidation. American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC), St Paul, MN, USA, pp.155-169, 2002.
Morris, C.F. “Puroindolines: the molecular genetic basis of wheat grain hardness” Plant Molecular Biology vol.48, pp.633-647, 2002.
Taddei, F., Gazza, L., Conti, S., Muccilli, V., Foti, S. and Pogna, N.E. “Starch-bound 2S proteins and kernel texture in einkorn, Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum” Theoretical and Applied Genetics vol.119, no.7, pp.1205-1212, 2009.
Hidalgo, A. and Brandolini, A. “Nutritional properties of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.)” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture vol.94, pp.601-612, 2014.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Servet Kefi, Orhan Kavuncu, Engin Bıyıklı, Ayten Salantur, Mehmet Emin Alyamaç, Asuman Kaplan Evlice, Aliye Pehlivan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.
