Lipid Profile and Electrolyte Imbalance are Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Bangladeshi Population
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24203/ajpnms.v8i3.6206Keywords:
Keywords—Lipid profile, HbA1c, Electrolytes Diabetic retinopathy, and Diabetes Mellitus.Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a micro-vascular complication which is the main cause of blindness among people with Diabetes Mellitus. Identification and mitigation of the risk factors associated with DR will help to reduce the visual disability in diabetic subjects.
Aims and objective: The study has been undertaken to explore the association of lipids profile and electrolytes with the diabetic retinopathy in Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic subjects.
Material and methods: In the present study, 63 people diabetic with retinopathy (DR) and 80 people diabetic without retinopathy (DWR) were studied along with 92 healthy controls without family history diabetes and prediabetes. Anthropometric parameters, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and electrolytes Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- were measured by standard methods.
Results: HbA1c of DWR group and DR group were 8.60±1.17 and 11.80±1.63 respectively. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were significantly higher (p<0.001) in both DWR and DR group compared to the healthy control. Triglyceride was significantly (p<0.001) higher in the DR group but no difference was found in DWR compared to the control group. K+ was significantly increased in the DR group. Na+, Cl-, HCO3- were significantly decreased in the DR group compared to control group.
Conclusion: These results indicate that diabetic retinopathy patients exhibit dyslipidemia and electrolyte imbalance. Hypertriglyceridemia along with electrolyte imbalance is one the major risk factors toward the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
References
Aiello, LP., Gardner, TW., King, GL., Blankenship, G., Cavallerano, JD., Ferris, FL., 3rd, et al. “Diabetic retinopathy”, Diabetes Care, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 143-56, 1998.
Zélia Maria da, Silva Corrêa1, André Moraes, Freitas1 Italo and Mundialino Marcon, “Risk factors related to the severity of diabetic retinopathy”, Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia, vol. 66 no. 6, pp. 739-743, 2003.
Masoud R Manaviat, Mohammad Afkhami and Mohammad R Shoja, “Retinopathy and microalbuminuria in type II diabetic patients”, BMC Ophthalmology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 9, 2004.
Araki, A., Ito, H., Hattori, A., Inoue, J., Sato, T., Shiraki, M., Orimo, H., “Risk factors for the development of retinopathy in elderly Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus”, Diabetes Care, vol.16, pp. 1184-6, 1993.
Kalter-Leibovici, O., VanDyk, DJ., Leibovici, L., “ Risk factors for development of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in Jewish IDDM patients”, Diabetes, vol. 40, pp. 204-210, 1991.
Kanski, J., “Diabetic Retinopathy” In: Kanski J. Clinical Ophthalmology, Oxford, Auckland: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 344-57, 1994.
Zhang, L., Krzentowski, G., Albert, A., “Lefebvre PJ. Risk of developing retinopathy in diabetes control and complications trial-type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control”, Diabetes Care, vol. 24, pp.1275-9, 2001.
Okada, S., Ichiki, K, Tanokuchi, S., Hamada, H., Matsuo, N., Ota, Z., “Factors related to the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes”, J Int Med Res, vol. 24, pp. 214-20, 1996.
Dornan, TL., Carter, RD., Bron, AJ., Turner, RC., Mann, JI., “Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an association with the severity of diabetic retinopathy”, Diabetologia, vol. 22, pp. 167-70, 1982.
Klein, BE., Klein, R., Moss, SE,. “Is serum cholesterol associated with the progression of diabetic retinopathy or macular edema in persons with younger-onset diabetes of long duration”? Am J Ophthalmol, vol. 128, pp. 652-4, 1999.
Cruickshanks, KJ., Ritter, LL., Klein, R., Moss, SE., “The association of microalbuminuria with diabetic retinopathy. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmology”, vol. 100 pp. 862-7, 1993.
Engerman, RL., Kern, TS., “Progression of incipient diabetic retinopathy during good glycemic control” Diabetes, vol. 36, pp. 808-12, 1987.
Rahman, MR., Arslan, MI., Hoque, MM., Mollah, FH., Shermin, S., “Serum lipids and diabetic retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects” J Enam Med Coll, vol. 1 no. 2, pp 63-66, 2011.
Gnaneswaran, S., Vinodhini, VM., Kuberan, D., Rajesh, K., Swamy, Raj SV., Kumar, JS,. “Dyslipidemia and Diabetic Retinopathy in a Rural Population” Int J Res Pharmaceut Biomed Sci., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 829-832, 2013.
Baynes, JW., Thorpe, SR., “Glycoxidation and lipoxidation in atherogenesis”, Free Radic Biol Med, vol. 28, pp. 1708-16, 2000.
Benarous, R., Sasongko, MB., Qureshi, S., Fenwick, E., Dirani, M., Wong, TY., et al. “Differential association of serum lipids with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema”, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, vol. 52, pp. 7464-9, 2011.
Ojiako, OA., Chikezie, PC., “Blood Na±/K±and Cl levels of Hyperglycemic rats administered with traditional herbal formulations”, Pharmacognosy Communications, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 140–144, 2015.
Kitabchi, AE., Umpierrez, GE., Murphy, MB., Kreisberg, RA., “Hyperglycemic crisis in adult patients with diabetes: A consensus statement from the American diabetes association”, Diabetes Care, vol. 29 pp. 2739–2748, 2006.
Javaid, A., Hasan, R., Zaib, A., Mansoor, S., “A comparative study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on serum electrolytes in diabetic patients”, Pak J Pharm Sci., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 67-71, 2007.
Yasmin, F., Haleem, DJ., Haleem, MA., “Intraerythrocyte and serum electrolytes in diabetic patients with hypertension”, J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 445–449, 2006.
Haffner, SM., “Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes”, Diabetes Care, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1600 – 1678, 1998.
Yo-Chen Chang, Wen-Chuan Wu, “Dyslipidemia and Diabetic Retinopathy”, The Review of Diabetic Studies, vol. 10, no. (2-3), 2013.
Bruno Verges, “Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidemia: where are we?” Diabetologia, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 886–899, 2015.
Rema, M., Srivastava, BK., Anitha, B., Deepa, R., Mohan, V., “Association of serum lipids with diabetic retinopathy in urban South Indians—the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye Study—2”, Diabetic Med. Vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1029–1036, 2006.
Valabhji, J. and Elkeles, RS, “Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes: Epidemiology and Biochemistry”, The British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease, vol. 3, pp. 184-189, 2003.
Malmström, R., Packard CJ, Caslake, M., Bedford, D., Stewart, P., Yki-Järvinen, H., Shepherd, J., Taskinen, MR., “Defective regulation of triglyceride metabolism by insulin in the liver in NIDDM”, Diabetologia, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 454-62, 1997.
Donnelly, CA., Seth, J., J, Seth., RM., Clayton, CI., Phillips, J., Cuthbert, RJ., Prescott, “Some blood plasma constituents correlate with human cataracts”, British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 79, pp. 1036-1041, 1995.
Chew, EY., Klein, ML., Ferris, FL., Remaley, NA., Murphy, RP., Chantry, K., Hoogwerf, BJ., Miller, D., “Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)”, Report 22, Arch Ophthalmol, vol. 114, no. 9, pp. 1079-84, 1996.
Lloyd, CE., Klein, R., Maser, RE., Kuller, LH., Becker, DJ., Orchard, TJ., “The progression of retinopathy over 2 years: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study”, J Diabetes & Its Complications, vol. 9, pp. 140-8, 1995.
Ishrat, Kareem, S.A. Jaweed, J.S. Bardapurkar, V.P. Patil, “Study of magnesium, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile in diabetic retinopathy”, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 124-127, 2004.
Mansour Mirsamadi, Issa Nourmohammadi, Manuchehr Imamian, “Comparative study of serum Na+ and K+ levels in senile cataract patients and normal individuals”, Int J Med Sci., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 165-9, 2004.
Emmanuel Ugwuja and Eze MMLS, “Comparative study of serum electrolytes, total protein, calcium and phosphate among diabetic and HIV/AIDS patients in Abakaliki, Southeastern, Nigeria”, The Internet Journal of Laboratory Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, 2007.
Clayton, RM., Cuthbert, J., Phillips, CI., Bartholomew, RS., Stokoe, NL., Fytch, T, et al., “Analysis of individual cataract patients and their lenses: A progress report”, Experimental Eye Research, vol. 31, pp. 533-536, 1980.
Sudhakar, K., Sujatha, M., Ramesh, Babu, S., Padmavthi, P., and Reddy PP., “Serum calcium levels in patients with essential hypertension and their first-degree relatives”, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-23, 2004.
Castellino P, Luzi L, Sirnonson DC, Haymond M, De- Fronzo RA. Effect of insulin and plasma amino acid concentrations on leucine metabolism in man. Role of substrate availability on estimates of whole-body protein synthesis. J Clin Invest. 1987; 80 (6): 1784—93.The Internet Journal of Laboratory Medicine 2007: Volume 2 Number 1
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Md. Golam Kabir, Deaniel Hossain, Suman Mohajan, Monsor Rahman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.
