Performance Analysis of Single Point Positioning (SPP) and MADOCA-Precise Point Positioning (MADOCA-PPP) in Road/Lane Identification
Abstract
The advancement in GNSS technology introduced many possible applications that involve its basic functions, namely Positioning, Navigation and Timing. Single Point Positioning (SPP) is the most common positioning technique that is instantaneous, however less accurate. Relative positioning was introduced to improve the point positional accuracy. However, this necessitates connection to a single GNSS receiver or network of GNSS receivers. Latest innovation in relative positioning is the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) that requires augmentation from satellite. This study explores the use of PPP utilizing the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). The QZSS is a satellite system operated by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It is also a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) complementing the Global Positioning System (GPS) whose signal can be received in Japan, some countries in East and Southeast Asia and in the Oceania region.
Â
This study aims to evaluate the performance of QZSS, Multi-GNSS Advanced Demonstration of Orbit and Clock Analysis – Precise Point Positioning (MADOCA-PPP) in car navigation and road/lane identification. This will be compared with the current car navigation positioning using SPP (GPS-only). The data used was obtained from a probe experiment conducted on October 10-12, 2016 along the Skyway and non-Skyway routes between Buendia, Makati City and Bicutan, Parañaque City. The RTKLib software was used during data acquisition and also for processing the ground control points (GCPs). The GCPs were used to geo-reference the orthophoto map provided by NAMRIA to the WGS84 reference system. Digitization and comparative analysis were done using ArcGIS software. The road/lane identification was done by taking the distance from the centerline of the road/lane identified to be the route traveled by the car based on the experiment instruction. The vertical accuracy was assessed by comparing the point distances from the digitized line with heights extracted from Digital Surface Model (DSM).
Â
The preliminary assessment using estimates of points per 100 m segment showed that MADOCA-PPP gave 74.59% of the estimates falling in the inner lane against the 32.21% of SPP (GPS-only) in the northbound Skyway run. In the southbound it is 52.06% and 9.58% for MADOCA-PPP and SPP respectively. The percentage of points going out of the road boundaries is at most  2.47% for MADOCA-PPP while SPP had a maximum of 40.7 %. On the non-Skyway run, MADOCA_PPP still dominates the SPP on partially obstructed roads such as East Service Road, West Service Road and Pasong Tamo. However, in Osmeña Highway where the road is located underneath the Skyway, PPP logged intermittently while SPP continuously logged data indicating continuous car movement albeit inaccurate. In the Skyway lane identification, the results showed that MADOCA-PPP gave a 0.92 m average distance from the lane centerline against 3.66 m average for SPP. This proves that MADOCA-PPP can better delineate the lane traveled by car as it is within 1.75 m (½ of the standard lane width of 3.5 m). On average, the vertical accuracy of MADOCA-PPP is 1.64 m against 10.67 m using SPP. The resulting average height from SPP is more than the minimum 4.9 m standard vertical clearance for roads hence; it could not provide clear vertical separation between roads compared to PPP.References
William J. Hughes Technical Center-WAAS T & E Team, Global Positioning System (GPS) Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Performance Analysis Report, Report No. 96, Federal Aviation Administration-GPS Product Team, Washington, DC 20024, 2017. http://www.nstb.tc.faa.gov/reports/PAN96_0117.pdf#page=22
Van Sickle, J., GPS for land surveyors, 3rd ed., CRC Press, 2008.
Ragheb, A.; Ragab, A., Enhancement of GPS Single Point Positioning accuracy using Referenced Network Stations, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2012.
GIS Resources, GPS surveying techniques, 2013.
http://www.gisresources.com/gps-surveying-techniques_2/
Brown, N.; Keenan, R.; Richter, B.; Troyer, L. Advances in ambiguity resolution for RTK
applications using the new RTCM V3.0 master-auxiliary messages. In Proceeding(s) of the ION GNSS 2005, Long Beach, CA, pp 73-80, 2005.
Wubbena, G., Geodetic reference via Precise Point Positioning. In Proceeding(s) of the General Assembly of CLGE, 12-13 October 2012, Hanover, Germany, 2012.
NAMRIA Pagenet, 2008. http://namria.gov.ph/pagenet/AboutPagenet.aspx
Rizos, C.; Janssen, V.; Roberts, C.; Grinter, T., Precise Point Positioning: Is the era of Diferrential GNSS Positioning drawing to an end? In Proceeding (s) of the FIG Working Week 2012, 6-10 May 2012, Rome, Italy, 2012.
Choy, S.; Harima, K.; Li, Y.; Choudhury, M.; Rizos, C.; Wakabayashi, Y.; Kogure, S., GPS precise point positioning with Quasi-Zenith Satellite System LEX augmentation corrections. The Journal of Navigation, 2015.
Mulic, M.; Krdzalić, D.; Donlagic, E.; Bilajbegovic, A., Possibilities and benefit of the online GNSS PPP free services for GNSS applications-the accuracy and reliability. In Proceeding(s) of the UN/Croatia Workshop on GNSS Applications, 21-25 April 2013, Baska Croatia, 2013.
Elsobeiey, M.; El-Rabbany, A., An improved GPS-based Precise Point Positioning model. In Proceeding(s) of the FIG Working Week 2012, 6-10 May 2012, Rome, Italy, 2012.
Seepersad, G.; Bisnath, S., Reduction of ppp convergence period through pseudorange multipath and noise mitigation. GPS Solutions, vol. 19, pp. 369-379, 2014.
Cabinet Office of Japan, Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), National Space Policy Secretariat.
http://qzss.go.jp/en/technical/technology/orbit.html
Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA), MADOCA Real Time Products. https://ssl.tksc.jaxa.jp/madoca/public/public_index_en.html
Renfro, B.; Terry, A.; Boeker, N., An analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) Standard Positioning System (SPS) Performance for 2016. Space and Geophysics Laboratory, Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, 2017.
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Department Order No. 53. 2016.
http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/news/992
Castro, O.; Grafil, L.; Peel, L., Enhancing risk analysis capacities for flood, tropical cyclone severe wind and earthquake for greater Metro Manila area: Component 1 – High resolution digital elevation data and imagery. 2014.
U-BLOX, EVK-M8t Evaluation Kit User Guide. 2016.
NAMRIA, Phlippine Reference System of 1992. Mapping and Geodesy Department, 1992.
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Highway Safety Design Standards. Highways, 2012.
http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/references/guidelines_manuals/highway_safety_design_standards_manual
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.