Differences and Similarities between Coronaviruses: A Comparative Review

Authors

  • Maad M. Mijwil Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University, Baghdad, Iraq http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2884-2504
  • Ayser Shamil Alsaadi Ministry of Education, Baghdad, Iraq
  • Karan Aggarwal Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24203/ajpnms.v9i4.6696

Keywords:

Coronavirus, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Pandemic, China

Abstract

Today, humans fight powerful and active viruses that never take hold and do not know defeat, named coronaviruses. These viruses have start in 2002 and continued to grow and have changed their chains dramatically until now. They are known for having many similar features in common, and there are also structural differences between them. The most important reason that has turned coronaviruses into a pandemic is that this disease is easily transmitted by droplets near infected people, which leads to the spread of this virus faster worldwide. The more details known about coronaviruses that have profoundly affected humanity in the past and present and the diseases they cause, the more benefit in help designing an immune response or preventive vaccine to these viruses in the near future. In this article, coronaviruses, how they have been started and spread, and what differences and similarities are between them will be briefly covered here. The information of this investigation is taken from articles and the world health organization and are reviewed here. The goal is to document this information for future reference.

Author Biography

Maad M. Mijwil, Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University, Baghdad, Iraq

Maad M. Mijwil received B.Sc. degree in Software Engineering from Software Engineering Department at Baghdad College of Economics Sciences University, Iraq in 2008/2009 and M.Sc. degree in Wireless sensor network of computer science from University of Baghdad, Iraq in 2015. Currently he is working Assistant Lecturer at Baghdad College of Economics Sciences University.

References

Kathryn A., Glatter, and Finkelman P., “History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19,” The American Journal of Medicine, vol.134, no.2, pp:176-181, February 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019

Tsoucalas G., Kousoulis A., and Sgantzos M., “The 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic, the Origins of the H1N1-virus Strain, a Glance in History,” European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, vol.2, no.4, pp:23-28, January 2016, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejcbs.20160204.11

Mijwil, M. M., “Implementation of Machine Learning Techniques for the Classification of Lung X-Ray Images Used to Detect COVID-19 in Humans,” Iraqi Journal of Science, vol.62, no.6., pp: 2099-2109, July 2021. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2021.62.6.35.

Umakanthan S., Sahu P., Ranade A. V., Bukelo M. M., Rao J. S., Abrahao-Machado L. F., Dahal S., Kumar H., Dhananjaya KV., “Origin, transmission, diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),” Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol.96, pp:753-785, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138234

Docment by Turkish Ministry of Health, “#COVID-19 Turkish Ministry of Health: Isolation Methods for Medical Personnel-Turkish (Turkish language), pp:1-4, March 2020, Available link: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/74803

Wang M., Zhao R., Gao L., Gao X., Wang D., and Cao J., “SARS-CoV-2: Structure, Biology, and Structure-Based Therapeutics Development,” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.10, pp:724-740, November 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.587269

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Coronavirus". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Feb. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/science/coronavirus-virus-group.

Mallapaty S., “Animal Source of the Coronavirus Continues to Elude Scientists,” nature, May 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01449-8

Christine K. Johnson, Why We Don’t Know the Animal Origins of the Coronavirus, Scientific American, June 2021. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finding-conclusive-animal-origins-of-the-coronavirus-will-take-time/

Hosie M. J., Hofmann-Lehmann R., Hartmann K., et al., “Anthropogenic Infection of Cats during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic,” Viruses- MDPI, vol.13, no.158, pp:1-13, January 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020185

Tu C., Crameri G., Kong X., et al., “Antibodies to SARS Coronavirus in Civets,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.10, no.12, pp:2244-2248, December 2004. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1012.040520

Hemida M. G., Chu D. K. W., Poon L. L. M., et al., “MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camel Herd, Saudi Arabia,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 20, no.7, pp: 1231-1234, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2007.140571

Briggs H., “Coronavirus: Bat Scientists Find New Evidence,” BBC News- science, February 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55998157

Yi Y, Lagniton P. N. P., Ye S., Li E., and Xu R., “COVID-19: hat has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease,” International Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 16, no.10, pp:1753-1766, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45134

Zhang X., Huang H., Zhuang D., Nasser M. I., Yang M., Zhu P., and Zhao M., “Biological, clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS and AutoDock simulation of ACE2,” Infectious Diseases of Poverty, vol.9, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00691-6

Shereen M. A., Khan S., Kazm A., Bashir N., and Siddique R., “COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses,” Journal of Advanced Research, vol.24, pp:91-98, July 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005

Wang D., Hu B., Hu C., Zhu F., et al., “Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia inWuhan, China,” JAMA, vol.323, no.11, pp:1061–1069, February 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585

Yin Y. and Wunderink R. G., “MERS, SARS and Other Coronaviruses as Causes of Pneumonia,” Respirology, vol.23, pp:130–137, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13196

Christian M. D., Poutanen S. M., Loutfy M. R., Muller M. P., and Low D. E., “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.38, no.10, pp: 1420–1427, May 2004. https://doi.org/10.1086/420743

Cheng V. C. C., Lau S. K. P., Woo P. C. Y., and Yuen K. Y., “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Agent of Emerging and Reemerging Infection,” American Society for Microbiology, vol. 20, no.4, pp:660-694, October 2007. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00023-07

Chan K. S., Lai S. L., Chu C. M., et al., “Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study,” Hong Kong Medical Journal, vol.9, no.6, pp: 399-406, December 2003.

Stadler K., Masignani V., Eickmann M., Becke S., Abrignani S., Klenk H., and Rappuoli R., “SARS — Beginning to Understand a New Virus,” Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.1, pp: 200-218, December 2003. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro775

Nah K., Otsuk S., Chowell G., and Nishiura H., “Predicting the international spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS),” BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.16, no.356, pp:1-9, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1675-z

Maltezou H. C., and Tsiodras S., “Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Implications for health care facilities,” American Journal of Infection Control, vol.42, pp:1261-1265, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2014.06.019

Amer H., Alqahtani A. S., Alaklobi F., Altayeb J., and Ziad A. Memish Z. A., “Healthcare worker exposure to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Revision of screening strategies urgently needed,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.71, pp:113-116, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.001

Widagdo W., Ayudhya S. S. N., Hundie G. B., and Haagmans B. L., “Host Determinants of MERS-CoV Transmission and Pathogenesis,” Viruses, vol.11, no.280, pp:1-14, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030280

Mackay I. M., Edited by: Diamond M., Duong A., “Camels, Cattle and Coronavirus: the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Hunt must Continue,” November 2015. Available: https://infectioncontrol.tips/2015/11/23/1004/

Dyall J., Coleman C. M., Hart B. J., Venkataraman T., et al. , “Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection,” Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol. 58, no.8, pp: 4885-4893, August 2014. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.03036-14.

Di Gennaro F., Pizzol D., Marotta C., Antunes M., Racalbuto V., Veronese N., and Smith L., “Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.17, no.2690, pp:1-11, April 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082690

Pokhrel S., and Chhetri R., “A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and Learning,” Higher Education for the Future, vol.8, no.1, pp:133-141, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481

Clemente-Suárez V. J., Navarro-Jiménez E., Jimenez M., Hormeño-Holgado A., et al., “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health: An Extensive Narrative Review,” Sustainability, vol.13, no. 3221, pp: 1-21, March 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063221

Rauf A., Abu-Izneid T., Olatunde A., Khalil A. A., Alhumaydhi F. A., et al., “COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.17, no. 8155, pp:1-32, November 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218155

Symptoms of COVID-19, February 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html

Mbagwu J. C., Blessing O., Anyiam I. V., Omeje F. I., “A Review: Global Pattern of Distribution of Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19),” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science (IJRIAS), vol. V, no. IV, pp:89-95, April 2020.

World Health Organization website, "WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard-2021", https://covid19.who.int/table

Downloads

Published

2021-09-10

How to Cite

Mijwil, M. M., Alsaadi, A. S. . ., & Aggarwal, K. (2021). Differences and Similarities between Coronaviruses: A Comparative Review. Asian Journal of Pharmacy, Nursing and Medical Sciences, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.24203/ajpnms.v9i4.6696

Issue

Section

Articles