Free Radicals affect Photoaging and Antioxidants Prevention: A Review
Keywords:
Free radicals, photoaging, skin, antioxidantsAbstract
Free radicals play an important part in the process of internal and external aging. Aging is many factor process resulting in several functional and aesthetic changes in the skin. The changes arise from intrinsic as well as extrinsic processes, such as ultraviolet radiation. Antioxidants are substances that can delay or avoid the occurrence of free radical oxidation reactions in lipid oxidation. The focus of this review is the formation of free radicals in skin experiencing photoaging and antioxidants to prevent it.
References
References
Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. Aging. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed August 10, 2004
Kligman L. Photoaging: manifestations, prevention, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med 1989;5:235-51
Campisi J. Replicative senescence: an old lives’ tale? Cell, 1996;84:497-500
Yaar M, Gilchrest BA. Aging of skin. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz S, editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003. pp. 1386-98
Y. R. Helfrich, D. L. Sachs, and J. J. Voorhees, “Overview of skin aging and photoaging,†Dermatology Nursing, 2008; 20:177–184
Brennan M, Bhatti H, Nerusu K, Bhagavathula N, Kang S, Fisher G, et al. Matrix mettalloproteinase-1 is the collagenolytic enzyme responsible for collagen damage in UV-irradiated human skin. Photochem Photobiol,2003;78:43–48.
Kosmadaki MG, Gilchrest BA. The role of telomeres in skin aging/photoaging. Micron, 2004;35:155-9.
G. J. Fisher, S. Kang, J. Varani et al., “Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging,†Archives of Dermatology, 2002;138: 1462–1470
Angel, P. and Szabowski, A., Function of AP-1 target genes in mesenchymalepithelial cross-talk in skin, Biochem. Pharmacol., 2002: 64:949-956
D. R. Bielenberg, C. D. Bucana, R. Sanchez, C. K. Donawho, M. L. Kripke, and I. J. Fidler, “Molecular regulation of UVB induced cutaneous angiogenesis,†Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 1998;111:864–872.
Y. R. Helfrich, D. L. Sachs, and J. J. Voorhees, “Overview of skin aging and photoaging,†Dermatology Nursing, 2008;20: 177–184.
Reenstra WR, Yaar M, Gilchrest BA., Aging affects epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation and traffic kinetics., Exp Cell Res, 1996;227:252-5.
M. Yaar, M. S. Lee, T. M. Runger, M. S. Eller, and B. Gilchrest, ¨ “Telomere mimetic oligonucleotides protect skin cells from oxidative damage,†Annales de Dermatologie et de Ven ´ er ´ eologie , 2002;129: 1–18.
L. E. Laurent-Applegate and S. Schwarzkopf, “Photooxidative stress in skin and regulation of gene expression,†in Environmental Stressors in Health and Disease, J. Fuchs and L. Packer, Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA, 2001
M. J. Peak, J. G. Peak, and B. A. Carnes, “Induction of direct and indirect single-strand breaks in human cell DNA by far- and near-ultraviolet radiations: action spectrum and mechanisms,†Photochemistry and Photobiology,1987;45:381–387
C. Rocquet and F. Bonte, “Molecular aspects of skin ageing: ´ recent data,†Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica, 2002; 11:71–94
K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, P. Brenneisen, J. Wenk et al., “Photoaging of the skin from phenotype to mechanisms,†Experimental Gerontology, 2000;35:307–316.
K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, M. Wlaschek, P. Brenneisen, M. Schauen, R. Blaudschun, and J. Wenk, “UV-induced reactive oxygen species in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging,†Biological Chemistry, 1997;378:1247–1257
D. B. Yarosh, “DNA damage and repair in skin aging,†in Textbook of Aging Skin, M. A. Farage, K. W. Miller, and H. I. Maibach, Eds., 2010, Springer, Berlin, Germany
G. J. Fisher, S. C. Datta, H. S. Talwar et al., “Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism,†Nature, 1996;379:335–339.
G. J. Fisher, Z. Wang, S. C. Datta, J. Varani, S. Kang, and J. J. Voorhees, “Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light,†Te New England Journal of Medicine, 1997;337:1419–1428
Gilchrest BA, Blog FB, Szabo G. Effects of aging and chronic sun exposure on melanocytes in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1979;73:141-3
Sunderkotter C, Kalden H, Luger T. Aging and the skin immune system. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:1256-62
Uitto J, Fazio MJ, Olsen DR. Molecular mechanisms of cutaneous aging: age associated connective tissue alterations in the dermis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:614-22.
Varadi DP. Studies on the chemistry and fine structure of elastic fibers from normal adult skin. J Invest Dermatol 1972; 59:238-46.
J. Cadet, M. Berger, T. Douki et al., “Effects of UV and visible radiation on DNA—fnal base damage,†Biological Chemistry, 1997;378:1275–1286, 1997
F. Hutchinson, “Chemical changes induced in DNA by ionizing radiation,†Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, 1985;32:115–154.
Wlaschek M, Tantcheva-Poor I, Naderi L, Ma W, Schneider LA, Razi-Wolf Z, et al. Solar UV irradiation and dermal photoaging. J Photochem Photobiol B, 2001;63:41-51
Y. Shindo, E. Witt, and L. Packer, “Antioxidant defense mechanisms in murine epidermis and dermis and their responses to ultraviolet light,†Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 1993:100: 3: 260–265.
A. Poswig, J. Wenk, P. Brenneisen et al., “Adaptive antioxidant response of manganese-superoxide dismutase following repetitive UVA irradiation,†Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 1999;112:13–18.
C. S. Sander, H. Chang, S. Salzmann et al., “Photoaging is associated with protein oxidation in human skin in vivo,†Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2002;118:618–625
Brenneisen P, Sies H, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Ultraviolet-B irradiation and matrix
metalloproteinases: from induction via signaling to initial events. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;973:31– 43.
Fagot D, Asselineau D, Bernerd F. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 production observed after solarsimulated radiation exposure is assumed by dermal fibroblasts but involves a paracrine activation through epidermal keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2004;79:499–505.
Brincat MP. Hormone replacement therapy and the skin. Maturitas 2000;29:107-17
Dunn LB, Damesyn M, Moore A, Reuben DB, Greendale GA. Does estrogen prevent skin aging? Arch Dermatol 1997;133: 339-42
Francis MK, Appel S, Meyer C, Balin SJ, Balin AK, Cristofalo VJ. Loss of EPC-1/PEDF expression during skin aging in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122:1096-105
G. J. Fisher, “The pathophysiology of photoaging of the skin,†Cutis, 2005;75: 5–9.
C. Rasche and P. Elsner, “Skin aging: a brief summary of characteristic changes,†in Textbook of Aging Skin, M. A. Ferage, K. W. Miller, and H. I. Maibach, Eds., Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2010.
J. Krutman and B. A. Gilchrest, “Photoaging of skin,†in Skin Aging, B. Gilchrest and J. Krutmann, Eds., Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2006.
K. K. Dong, N. Damaghi, S. D. Picart et al., “UV-induced DNA damage initiates release of MMP-1 in human skin,†Experimental Dermatology, 2008;17:1037–1044
J. Brinckmann, Y. Acil, H. H. Wolff, and P. K. Muller, “Collagen synthesis in (sun-)aged human skin and in fbroblasts derived from sun-exposed and sun-protected body sites,†Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, 1995;27:33–38.
C. Rocquet and F. Bonte, “Molecular aspects of skin ageing: ´ recent data,†Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica, 2002;11:71–94.
K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, P. Brenneisen, J. Wenk et al., “Photoaging of the skin from phenotype to mechanisms,†Experimental Gerontology, 2000;35: 307–316.
Fagot D, Asselineau D, Bernerd F. Direct role of human dermal fibroblasts and indirect participation of epidermal keratinocytes in MMP-1 production after UV-B irradiation. Arch Dermatol Res, 2002;293:576–583
Quan T, He T, Voorhees J, Fisher G. Ultraviolet irradiation induces Smad7 via induction of
transciption factor AP-1 in human skin fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2005;280:8079–8085.
Fagot D, Asselineau D, Bernerd F. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 production observed after solarsimulated radiation exposure is assumed by dermal fibroblasts but involves a paracrine activation through epidermal keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2004;79:499–505.
Windsor LJ, Birkedal-Hansen H, Birkedal-Hansen B, Engler JA. An internal cysteine plays a role in the maintenance of the latency of human fibroblast collagenase. Biochemistry 1991;30:641–647.
Varani J, Perone P, Warner RL, Dame MK, Kang S, Fisher GJ, et al. Vascular tube formation on matrix metalloproteinase-1-damaged collagen. Br J Cancer 2008;98:1646–1652.
Uitto J, Bernstein E. Molecular mechanisms of cutaneous aging: connective tissue alterations in the dermis. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1998;3:41–44.
Quan T, He T, Kang S, Voorhees J, Fisher G. Ultraviolet irradiation alters transforming growth factor β/Smad pathway in human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:499–506.
Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L. Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1994;102:122-4
Fuchs J. Potentials and limitations of the natural antioxidants RRR-alpha-tocopherol, L-ascorbic acid and beta-carotene in cutaneous photoprotection. Free Radic Biol Med 1998;25: 848-73
Shindo Y, Hashimoto T. Time course of changes in antioxidant enzymes in human skin fibroblasts after UVA irradiation. J Dermatol Sci 1997;14:225-32.
Murad H, Tabibian MP. The effect of an oral supplement containing glucosamine, amino acids, minerals, and antioxidants on cutaneous aging: a preliminary study. J Dermatolog Treat 2001;12:47-51
Lin JY, Selim MA, Shea CR, Grichnik JM, Omar MM, MonteiroRiviere NA, et al. UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:866-74
Dickinson DA, Forman HJ. Glutathione in defense and signaling: Lessons from a small thiol. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;973:488-504
Exner R, Wessner B, Manhart N, Roth E. Therapeutic potential of glutathione. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2000;112:610-6
Townsend DM, Tew KD, Tapiero H. The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2003;57:145-55
Halprin KM, Ohkawara A. Glutathione and human pigmentation. Arch Dermatol 1966;94:355-7.
Grey V, Mohammed SR, Smountas AA, Bahlool R, Lands LC. Improved glutathione status in young adult patients with cystic fibrosis supplemented with whey protein. J Cyst Fibros 2003;2:195-8.
Balakrishnan, P., Lee, B,J., Oh, D., H, Enhanced Oral Bioavailability Of Coenzyme Q10 By Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2009;374:66–72
Cheuk, Sherwin Y., Shih, Frederick F., Champagne, Elaine T., Daigle, Kim W., Patindol, James A., Mattison, Christopher P., Boue, Stephen M, Nano-encapsulation of Coenzyme Q10 Using Octenyl Succinic Anhydride Modified Starch, Food Chemistry, 2015;174:585–590.
Hargreaves, I P., Coenzyme Q10 as a Therapy for Mitochondrial Disease, The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 2014;49:105– 111.
Kapoor, A.K., Coenzyme Q10 – A Novel Molecule, JIACM, 2013;14:37- 45
Kommuru, Thirumala R., Ashraf, Mohammad., Khan, Mansoor A., Reddy, Indra K, Stability and Bioequivalence Studies of Two Marketed Formulations of Coenzyme Q10 in Beagle Dogs. Chem. Pharm. Bull,1999;47:1024—1028.
Korkmaz, Emrah., Gokce, Evren H., Ozer, Ozgen., Development And Evaluation Of Coenzyme Q10 Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Hydrogel For Enhanced Dermal Delivery, Acta Pharm. 2013; 63:517–529.
Lucangioli, S., Tripodi, V., The Importance Of The Formulation In The Effectiveness Of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation In Mitochondrial Disease Therapy, Der Pharmacia Sinica, 2012; 3(4): 406-407.
Nepal, Pushp R., Han, Hyo-Kyung., Choi, Hoo-Kyun. 2010. Enhancement of Solubility and Dissolution of Coenzyme Q10 Using Solid Dispersion Formulation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2010; 383:147–153.
Pardeike Jana, Kay Schwabe, Müller Rainer H. 2010. Influence of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) On The Physical Properties Of The Cutanova Nanorepair Q10 Cream And The In Vivo Skin Hydration Effect. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 396. p166–173.
Piao Hongyu, Mei Ouyang, Dengning Xia, Peng Quan, Wenhua Xiao, Yanzhi Song, Fude Cui, In Vitro–In Vivo Study Of Coq10-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles In Comparison With Nanocrystals, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2011; 419: 255– 259
Shetty, RA, Coenzyme Q10 And Α-Tocopherol Reversed Age- Associated Functional Impairments In Mice, Experimental Gerontology, 2014; 58: 208–218.
Humbert PG, Haftek M, Creidi P, Lapiere C, Nusgens B, Richard
A, et al. Topical ascorbic acid on photoaged skin. Clinical, topographical and ultrastructural evaluation: doubleblind study vs. placebo. Exp Dermatol, 2003;12:237-44.
Schmidt JB, Binder M, Demschik G, Bieglmayer C, Reiner A. Treatment of skin aging with topical estrogens. Int J Dermatol, 1996;35:669-74
Weinstein GD, Nigra TP, Pochi PE, Savin RC, Allan A, Benik K, et al. Topical tretinoin for treatment of photodamaged skin. A multicenter study. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:659-65
S. Kang, J. H. Chung, J. H. Lee et al., “Topical n-acetyl cysteine and genistein prevent ultraviolet-light-induced signaling that leads to photoaging in human skin in vivo,†Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2003;120: 835–841
H. P. M. Gollnick, W. Hopfenmuller, C. Hemmes et al., “Systemic beta carotene plus topical UV-sunscreen are an optimal protection against harmful effects of natural UV-sunlight: results of the Berlin-Eilath study,†European Journal of Dermatology, 1996; 6:200–205
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.