Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Materials by Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic <i>Paenibacillus illioisensis </i>CX11

Authors

  • Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed University of South Africa
  • Tracey McKay University of South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v5i2.4469

Keywords:

Avicelase, FPase, lignocellulosic materials, Paenibacillus illinoisensis CX11, saccharification

Abstract

The utilization of lignocellulosic materials to produce a variety of building blocks (e.g. fermentable sugars) is an interesting alternative approach to meeting the growing demand for high value chemicals. Cellulose and hemicellulose can be hydrolyzed by cellulase and xylanase enzymes into their respective building blocks (hexoses and pentoses), which can later be converted into the targeted compounds. The aim of this study was to test the ability of Paenibacillus illinoisensis CX11 to saccharify different lignocellulosic materials, and to determine its ability to produce cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes for possible use in converting lignocellulosic materials into their respective fermentable sugars. The ability of P. illinoisensis CX11 to produce CMCase, xylanase, FPase, and avicelase was tested using SSF of corn stalk. Furthermore, the ability of P. illinoisensis CX11 to saccharify lignocellulosic materials was tested using corn stalk, wheat bran, sawdust, and corn cob. The amount of reducing sugars released from the saccharification of lignocellulosic materials was determined by the 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. Obtained results showed that P. illinoisensis CX11 can produce CMCase (400.12 ± 1.23 U/L), xylanase (385.57 ± 2.25 U/L), FPase (266.93 ± 2.22 U/L), avicelase (187.85 ± 2.22 U/L) and extracellular protein (4.56 ± 0.14 mg/L). Moreover, P. illinoisensis CX11 showed an ability to saccharify lignocellulosic materials. These findings confirm that P. illinoisensis CX11 has the ability to produce cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes, and to hydrolyze different lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars. Therefore, this study concludes that P. illinoisensis CX11 can be considered a good source of cellulase and xylanase enzymes to saccharify different lignocellulosic materials.

References

Cherubini F., Strømman A. H. Chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass: opportunities, perspectives, and potential of biorefinery systems. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 548-561, 2011.

Zhu S., Wu Y., Yu Z., Zhang X., Li H., Gao M. The effect of microwave irradiation on enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Bioresour Technol, vol. 97, no. 15, pp. 1964-1968, 2006.

Menon V., Rao M. Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: biofuels, platform chemicals & biorefinery concept. Prog Energy Combust Sci, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 522-550, 2012.

Wongwilaiwalin S., Rattanachomsri U., Laothanachareon T., Eurwilaichitr L., Igarashi Y., Champreda V. Analysis of a thermophilic lignocellulose degrading microbial consortium and multi-species lignocellulolytic enzyme system. Enzyme Microb Technol, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 283-290, 2010.

Li W., Huan X., Zhou Y., Ma Q., Chen Y. Simultaneous cloning and expression of two cellulase genes from Bacillus subtilis newly isolated from Golden Takin (Budorcas taxicolor Bedfordi). Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol. 383, no. 4, pp. 397-400, 2009. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.027

Chen H. Chemical composition and structure of natural lignocellulose. In: Biotechnology of Lignocellulose. Springer, Netherlands, pp 25-71, 2014. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6898-7

Gincy M., Sukumaran R. K., Singhania R. R., Pandey A. Progress in research on fungal cellulases for lignocellulose degradation. J Sci Ind Res, vol. 67, no. pp. 898-907, 2008.

Dashtban M., Schraft H., Qin W. Fungal bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues; opportunities and perspectives. Int J Biol Sci, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 578-595, 2009.

Shallom D., Shoham Y. Microbial hemicellulases. Curr Opin Microbiol, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 219-228, 2003.

Thompson N. S. Hemicellulose as a biomass resource. In: Soles E. J. (ed) Wood a Agricultural Residues. Researh on use for Feed, Fuel, and Chemical. Academic Press, New York, pp 101-119, 1983. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-654560-9.50010-X

Bayer E. A., Chanzy H., Lamed R., Shoham Y. Cellulose, cellulases and cellulosomes. Curr Opin Struct Biol, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 548-557, 1998. doi:10.1016/S0959-440X(98)80143-7

Martins L. O., Soares C. M., Pereira M. M., Teixeira M., Costa T., Jones G. H., Henriques A. O. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a highly stable bacterial Laccase that occurs as a structural component of the Bacillus subtilis endospore coat. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 277, no. 21, pp. 18849-18859, 2002.

Gibson D. M., King B. C., Hayes M. L., Bergstrom G. C. Plant pathogens as a source of diverse enzymes for lignocellulose digestion. Curr Opin Microbiol, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 264-270, 2011.

Robson L. M., Chambliss G. H. Cellulases of bacterial origin. Enzyme Microb Technol, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 626-644, 1989. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(89)90001-X

Abo-State M. A., El-Sheikh H. H., El-Temtamy S. A., Hosny M. Isolation and identification of bacterial strains for saccharification of agriculture wastes for bioethanol production. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 170-180, 2016.

Ehsanipour M., Suko A. V., Bura R. Fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars to acetic acid by Moorella thermoacetica. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 807-816, 2016. doi:10.1007/s10295-016-1756-4

Akhtar J., Idris A., Aziz R. A. Recent advances in production of succinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 987-1000, 2014.

Kautola H. Itaconic acid production from xylose in repeated-batch and continuous bioreactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 7-11, 1990.

Corma A., Iborra S., Velty A. Chemical routes for the transformation of biomass into chemicals. Chem Rev, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 2411-2502, 2007.

Huang X., Chen M., Lu X., Li Y., Li X., Li J. J. Direct production of itaconic acid from liquefied corn starch by genetically engineered Aspergillus terreus. Microb Cell Fact, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2014. doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0108-1

Ahmed A. A. Q., Babalola O. O., McKay T. Cellulase- and Xylanase-Producing Bacterial Isolates with the Ability to Saccharify Wheat Straw and Their Potential Use in the Production of Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Materials. Waste and Biomass Valorization, vol., no. pp. 1-11, 2017. doi:10.1007/s12649-017-9849-5

Lowry O. H., Rosebrough N. J., Farr A. L., Randall R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J biol Chem, vol. 193, no. 1, pp. 265-275, 1951.

Miller G. L. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal Chem, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 426-428, 1959.

Wang C.-H., Hseu T.-H., Huang C.-M. Induction of cellulase by cello-oligosaccharides in Trichoderma koningii G-39. J Biotechnol, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47-59, 1988.

Chaplin M. F. Monosaccharides. In: Chaplin M. F., Kennedy J. F. (eds) Carbohydrate Analysis. Oxford: IRL Press, pp 1-3, 1986.

Gadgil N., Daginawala H., Chakrabarti T., Khanna P. Enhanced cellulase production by a mutant of Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 942-946, 1995.

Li X., Gao P. Isolation and partial properties of celluloseâ€decomposing strain of Cytophaga sp. LXâ€7 from soil. J Appl Microbiol, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 73-80, 1997.

Sangkharak K., Vangsirikul P., Janthachat S. Isolation of novel cellulase from agricultural soil and application for ethanol production. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 230-239, 2011.

Akhtar M. S., Saleem M., Akhtar M. W. Saccharification of lignocellulosic materials by the cellulases of Bacillus subtilis. Int J Agr Biol, vol. 3, no. pp. 199-202, 2001.

Bansal N., Tewari R., Gupta J. K., Soni R., Soni S. K. A novel strain of Aspergillus niger producing a cocktail of hydrolytic depolymerising enzymes for the production of second generation biofuels. BioResources, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 552-569, 2011.

Deswal D., Khasa Y. P., Kuhad R. C. Optimization of cellulase production by a brown rot fungus Fomitopsis sp. RCK2010 under solid state fermentation. Bioresour Technol, vol. 102, no. 10, pp. 6065-6072, 2011.

Nagar S., Mittal A., Kumar D., Gupta V. K. Production of alkali tolerant cellulase free xylanase in high levels by Bacillus pumilus SV-205. Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 414-420, 2012.

Patagundi B. I., Kaliwal B. Isolation and characterization of cellulase producing bacteria from soil. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 59-69, 2014.

Subramaniyan S., Prema P. Cellulase-free xylanases from Bacillus and other microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett, vol. 183, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2000.

Asha B. M., Revathi M., Yadav A., Sakthivel N. Purification and characterization of a thermophilic cellulase from a novel cellulolytic strain, Paenibacillus barcinonensis. J Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1501-1509, 2012.

Pason P., Kyu K. L., Ratanakhanokchai K. Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus strain B-6 xylanolytic-cellulolytic enzyme system that degrades insoluble polysaccharides. Appl Environ Microbiol, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 2483-2490, 2006.

Rivas R., García-Fraile P., Mateos P. F., Martínez-Molina E., Velázquez E. Paenibacillus cellulosilyticus sp. nov., a cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacterium isolated from the bract phyllosphere of Phoenix dactylifera. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 2777-2781, 2006.

Sanchez M. M., Fritze D., Blanco A., Sproer C., Tindall B. J., Schumann P., Kroppenstedt R. M., Diaz P., Pastor F. I. Paenibacillus barcinonensis sp. nov., a xylanase-producing bacterium isolated from a rice field in the Ebro River delta. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, vol. 55, no. Pt 2, pp. 935-939, 2005. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63383-0

Sharma M., Mehta S., Kumar A. Purification and characterization of alkaline xylanase secreted from Paenibacillus macquariensis. Adv Microbiol, vol. 3, no. pp. 32-41, 2013.

Górska E. B., Jankiewicz U., Dobrzynski J., Russel S., Pietkiewicz S., Kalaji H., Gozdowski D., Kowalczyk P. Degradation and colonization of cellulose by diazotrophic strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa isolated from soil. J Biorem Biodegrad, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1-7, 2015.

Liang Y.-L., Zhang Z., Wu M., Wu Y., Feng J.-X. Isolation, screening, and identification of cellulolytic bacteria from natural reserves in the subtropical region of China and optimization of cellulase production by Paenibacillus terrae ME27-1. BioMed Res Int, vol. 2014, no. pp. 13, 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/512497

Ratanakhanokchai K., Waeonukul R., Pason P., Tachaapaikoon C., Kyu K. L., Sakka K., Kosugi A., Mori Y. Paenibacillus curdlanolyticus strain B-6 multienzyme complex: A novel system for biomass utilization. In: Matovic M. D. (ed) Biomass Now-Cultivation and Utilization. pp 369-394, 2013. doi:10.5772/51820

Ko C. H., Chen W. L., Tsai C. H., Jane W. N., Liu C. C., Tu J. Paenibacillus campinasensis BL11: A wood material-utilizing bacterial strain isolated from black liquor. Bioresour Technol, vol. 98, no. 14, pp. 2727-2733, 2007. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.034

Gastelum-Arellanez A., Paredes-Lopez O., Olalde-Portugal V. Extracellular endoglucanase activity from Paenibacillus polymyxa BEb-40: production, optimization and enzymatic characterization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2953-2965, 2014. doi:10.1007/s11274-014-1723-z

Chapla D., Divecha J., Madamwar D., Shah A. Utilization of agro-industrial waste for xylanase production by Aspergillus foetidus MTCC 4898 under solid state fermentation and its application in saccharification. Biochem Eng J, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 361-369, 2010.

 

Downloads

Published

2017-04-22

How to Cite

Ahmed, A. A. Q., & McKay, T. (2017). Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Materials by Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic <i>Paenibacillus illioisensis </i>CX11. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v5i2.4469

Issue

Section

Articles