Effect of Abscisic Acid and Desiccation on Germination and Conversion of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Somatic Embryos in Medium Supplemented with Gibberellic Acid (GA3)
Keywords:
germination, conversion, abscisic acid, desiccation, somatic embryo, oil palmAbstract
Oil palm is a commodity plant which has a great potential to develop due to a high economical value. Palm oil is useful for food industry, detergent and soap industry, cosmetic, and as alternative fuel (palm biodiesel). However, oil palm plantation in Indonesia mostly derived from seed. Supply of seeds conventionally is not sufficient for plant that will be developed widely. Micropropagation via somatic embryogenesis technique can produce high yield clones in a short period. However, low level and unsynchronous germination, precocious germination, and also inefficient conversion are the main problems in somatic embryogenesis. The objectives of this research were: to evaluate the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and desiccation on germination and conversion of somatic embryos, to determine the optimum concentration of ABA and desiccation duration in obtaining the synchronous germination and high conversion level, and to evaluate the histology of somatic embryo in germination and conversion stage observed by light microscope. The research material was calli of oil palm 638 clone. Suspension culture of oil palm was initiated by inoculating 0,5 g of the calli into suspension initiated medium supplemented with 226 μM of 2,4-D and 4,44 μM of BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the somatic embryos were developed into embryo development medium I without plant growth regulator for 4 weeks. Thereafter, the developed somatic embryos were plated on embryo development medium II supplemented with 5 μM BA for 1 week. Then, the somatic embryos were subcultured into maturation medium I supplemented with 20 mM glutamine and 5 mM arginine cultured for 3 weeks. Finally, the mature somatic embryos were subcultured into the maturation medium II supplemented with the various concentration of ABA (0, 10, 25, and 50 μM) and cultured for 2 weeks and desiccated for 2, 3, and 4 hours. The complete mature somatic embryos were subcultured into pregermination medium supplemented with 100 μM GA3 to induce the germination. The germinating somatic embryos were then subcultured into the germination medium without plant growth regulator. After 10 weeks of culture, germination and conversion percentage were counted and analyzed by non parametric statistic test of Kruskal-Wallis. The highest germination percentage was on the embryos treated with 25 μM ABA (100%). The highest conversion percentage of somatic embryos into plantlet was on the embryos treated with ABA 25 μM (75%). These results are significantly different with two other concentrations (10 μM and 50 μM) treatment. Desiccation duration of 2, 3, and 4 hours were optimum duration range to increase germination and embryo conversion into plantlet because more than 80% embryos germinated and more than 60% embryos converted into plantlet. Converted somatic embryos have vascular bundle connecting shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem. It can be concluded that the supplementation of ABA and desiccation treatment could increase the germination and conversion of somatic embryo into plantlet synchronously.
References
• Anonim. (2005). Somatic Embryogenesis: The Development of Synthetic Seeds. http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/research/embryo/embryo.htm.
• Bentsink, L. and Koornneef, M. (2002). The Arabidopsis Book: Seed Dormancy and Germination. American Society of Plant Biologists.
• Bertossi, F.A.,Chabrillange, N., Duval, Y. (2001). Abscisic acid and desiccation tolerance in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) somatic embryos. Genet. Sel. Evol 33: S75-S84.
• Bewley, J.D. (1997). Seed Germination and Dormancy. The Plant Cell 9: 1055-1066.
• Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Mitchell, L.G. (1999). BIOLOGI. Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta.
• Fauzi, Y., Widyastuti, Y.E., Satyawibawa, I., Hartono, R. (2005). Kelapa Sawit. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
• Mariani, T.S., Miyake, H., Takeoka, Y. (2000). Improvement of Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Rice by Selecting the Optimal Developmental Stage of Explant and Applying Desiccation Treatment. Plant Production Science 3 (2): 114-123.
• Mariani, T.S., Purnaning, A.S., Sjafrul Latif. 2014. Effect of glutamine addtion in maturation stage on the germination and plantlet conversion of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) somatic embryo. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. Vol 02 (05): 663-667
• Ogawa, M., Hanada, A., Yamauchi, Y., Kuwahara, A., Kamiya, Y., Yamaguchi, S. (2003). Gibberellin Biosynthesis and Response during Arabidopsis Seed Germination. The plant Cell 15: 1591-1604.
• Wareing, P.F., Phillips, I.D.J. (1981). Growth and Differentiation in Plants, Third Edition. Pergamon Press. Toronto.
• Zimmerman, J.L. (1993). Somatic Embryogenesis: A Model for Early Development in Higher Plants. The Plant Cell. 5: 1411-1423.
• Ziv, M. (1999). Developmental and Structural Patterns of in Vitro Plants. In : Soh, W.Y., Bhojwani, S.S.(editors) : Morphogenesis in Plant Tissue Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.
